Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S&F II: Exam 3 > Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Integrative Systems Flashcards

0
Q

Lateral Preoptic Nuclei

A

Contains GABA-ergic neurons that promote sleep

-Projects to posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Medial Preoptic Nuclei

A

Secrete GnRH

=>Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Found in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm

Releases:
1. Oxytocin- Facilitates contraction of mammillary glands; involved w/ feelings of connection
“Love Hormone”

  1. CRH- Causes eventual release of corticosteroids and catecholamines from the adrenals
  2. TRH- Causes anterior pituitary to release TSH and thyroid to release TH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anterio Nucleus of supraoptic region

A

Main hypothalamic nuclei that controls parasympathetic fnxn

*Also maintains body temp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Found in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus; receives input from RGCs and establishes circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

Secretes ADH from posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Damage to the supraoptic nucleus or supraoptic-hypophyseal tract

=>impaired release of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SIADH

A

Inappropriate ADH hypersecretion due to brain injury, SAH, or infxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

“Satiety Center”

Found in the medial zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

*Involved in appetite regulation; suppresses the urge to eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

Ventrally located nucleus in the medial zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

Releases:
1. GHRH- releases GH from the anterior pituitary

  1. Dopamine- “Prolactin-inhibiting factor”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lateral Hypothalamic Area

A

“Feeding Center”

Found in the lateral zone of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

-Increases appetite; lesions produce anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Posterior Nuclei

A

Found in the mammillary region of the hypothalamus

  • Main nuclei that control sympathetic fnxn; project to intermediolateral cell column
  • Also contains hypocretin-orexin neurons that maintain the “awake” state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Can be caused by decreased numbers of H/O neurons in the posterior hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Pituitary tumor causing the overproduction of prolactin

Signs/Symptoms:
Decreased libido
Genital atrophy
Galactorrhea
Impotence
*Bitemporal hemianopsia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

One of the only areas that undergoes neurogenesis throughout life

-Part of the hippocampal formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Area 28

A

Entorhinal Cortex

Part of the parahippocampal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insular Cortex

A

Buried within Sylvian fissure; allows for the experience of empathy

-Autism => abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Orbito-Frontal Association Cortex

A

Integration of personality and emotional behavior

-Cortical Limbic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prefrontal Association Cortex

A

Allows for executive fnxn; “working memory”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amygdala

A

Subcortical area of limbic system

Important in learned fear

*Desensitization therapy decreases activation of this area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nucleus Accumbens septi

A

Deep hemispheric nuclei involved in “reward” system in brain

-Receives input from VTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Located in the mid-brain near the SN; provides major dopaminergic input to cortex and nucleus accumbens septi

22
Q

MTLS System

A

Circuit consisting of association, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation areas that are important for the two types of memory

23
Q

Papez Circuit

A

Hippocampus => Mamillary Bodies
-via fornix

Mammillary Bodies => Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
-via Mammillo-thalamic tract

Anterior Nucleus off the Thalamus => Cingulate gyrus
-via internal capsule

Cingulate gyrus => Hippocampus
-via the cingulum

24
Q

Bilateral damage to MTLS/MDS

A

Loss of DECLARATIVE memory ONLY

25
Q

Memory loss due to contusion

A

Injury to opposite side of brain; can damage hippocampus

26
Q

Global Cerebral Anoxia

A

Damages the hippocampus

27
Q

Migraines

A

May lead to transient global amnesia in older age

28
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Critical in response to stress; causes release of catecholamines from adrenals; causes decreased neurogenesis in dentate gyrus

-Excessive activation can lead to memory impairment; decreased neurogenesis of dentate gyrus

29
Q

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

A

Located in the telencephalon; utilizes Ach as an NT

*Neurons project to cortex WITHOUT relying thru thalamus

30
Q

Reticular Formation of the Thalamus

A

Integrates info within the nucleus; influences cortex via communications w/ other thalamic nuclei

*Only thalamic nucleus that does not project outside thalamus

31
Q

Dorsal raphe nucleus

A

Utilizes serotonin as an NT; projects to cortex

*Plays a role in regulation of consciousness and mood; found in the midbrain

32
Q

Nucleus locus coeruleus

A

Utilizes NE as an NT; ascends and synapses w/ limbic system structures; does not pass thru thalamus

  • Descending pathways modulate the transmission of pain in the SC
  • Found in the pons
33
Q

Pedunculo-pontine nucleus/Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

A

Involved in wakefulness and REM; found in pons

34
Q

Nucleus raphe magnus

A

Utilizes serotonin as an NT; involved in modulating the transmission of pain

*Found in the medulla

35
Q

Direct ARAS system

A

Involved w/ the waking state

-Includes nucleus locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and tuberomammillary nuclei

36
Q

Indirect ARAS System

A

Involved w/ REM sleep

-Includes the pedunculo-pontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

37
Q

Learning

A

ARAS must activate limbic structures to work effectively

-Does so by stimulating the hippocampus and other limbic areas

38
Q

Vegetative State

A

Individual may have cycles of wakefulness but no periods of awareness

-Visual tracking occurs (positive prognostic sign)

39
Q

Persistent Vegetative State

A

Vegetative State that lasts for >1month

40
Q

Coma

A

Prolonged loss of consciousness/responsiveness

-No sleep/wake cycle; no visual tracking occus
(Although reflex eye movements may be present

Results from:
1. Bilateral lesions of upper brainstem

  1. Bilateral destruction of hemispheres
  2. Bilateral lesions of thalamus
41
Q

GCS coma score

A

</= 7

42
Q

4 Major dopamine pathways

A
  1. SN to Neostriatum
  2. VTA to Nucleus accumbens septi (reward)
  3. VTA to Cortex
  4. Tubero-infundibular: Arcuate nucleus to anterior pituitary
    (inhibits secretion of prolactin)
43
Q

Haldol

A

Acts on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors

=>decreased positive signs

*Can also cause tardive dyskinesia if used for too long

44
Q

SSRIs

A

“Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors”

First line drug treatment for anxiety disorders; modulates the activity of the amygdala

45
Q

Effects of chronic stress on learning

A

Overactive HPA axis => inhibition of memory formation

46
Q

Structural changes in brain of abused children

A
  1. Decreased volume of limbic system
    (left > right)
  2. Cerebral cortex
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Dentate gyrus
  5. Amygdala (decreased GABA receptors)
  6. Cerebellar vermis (involved in prod. of NE receptors)
47
Q

Areas with increased activation in abused children

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. HPA axis
  3. ARAS
48
Q

Brain chemistry changes in abused children

A

Increased cortisol response

Decreased prod. of NTs

49
Q

Responsible for directly shunting fearful information to the amygdala

A

ARAS

50
Q

Amygdala-MD-prefrontal cortex circuit

A

PFC uses glutamate to activate the amygdala HOWEVER the dorsal raphe nuclei can inhibit this via serotonergic projections

=>GABA released to relax

-Long-term abuse an alter the GABA receptors leading to decreased inhibition

51
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Can cause:

  1. Cognitive dysfunction
  2. Ataxia
  3. Incontinence
    * Makes it look like developing Alzheimers; make sure to look closely at the MRI
52
Q

MTLS and MDS blood supply

A

Branches of the PCA

-Infarct of basilar blood supply could also damage these areas

53
Q

3 Descending pathways that modulate pain go thru…

A
  1. Nucleus locus coeruleus
  2. Nucleus raphe magnus
  3. Rostral Ventral Medulla

S&F II: Exam 3 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions