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Histology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the overall function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

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2
Q

What makes movement possible in muscle tissues?

A

Contractility

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3
Q

How is movement generated in muscle tissues?

A

Movement is generated by the interaction between actin and myosin proteins

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4
Q

There are three specialized contractile cells. What are they?

A
  1. Myoepithelial cells
  2. Pericytes
  3. Myofibroblasts
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5
Q

____________________ are specialized contractile cells with secretory functions

A

Myoepithelial cells

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6
Q

__________________ are smooth-muscle-like cells that surround blood vessels

A

Pericytes

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7
Q

__________________ are cells that secrete collagen and have a true contractile role

A

Myofibroblasts

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8
Q

A _____________ is a collection of multicellular contractile units

A

Muscle

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9
Q

Muscle tissue is composed of cells differentiated for __________________ with microfilaments and associated proteins that generate the force necessary for such a function

A

Contractility

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10
Q

Nearly all cells of muscle tissue are of __________________ origin

A

Mesodermal/mesenchymal

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11
Q

Muscle cells differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells by increasing cell ________________ and _____________ protein synthesis

A

Length

Myofibrillar

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12
Q

How many types of muscle tissues are there?

A

Three: cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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13
Q

_______________ muscle tissue has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, branched individual cells

A

Cardiac

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14
Q

At sites of end-to-end contact of cardiac muscle cells, there are _______________________

A

Intercalated discs

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15
Q

Contraction of cardiac muscle is _______________, vigorous, and _______________

A

Involuntary

Rhythmic

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16
Q

___________________ tissue consists of collections of __________________ cells that do not show straitions

A

Smooth muscle cells

Fusiform

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17
Q

In what type of muscle tissue are contraction processes slow and not subject to voluntary control?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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18
Q

____________________ muscle tissue is composed of bundles of very long, cylindrical, __________________ cells that show ________________

A

Multinucleated

Cross-striations

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19
Q

The contraction of skeletal muscle cells is quick, forceful, and usually under _________________ control

A

Voluntary

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20
Q

The interaction between thin _______________ filaments and thick ___________ filaments results in skeletal muscle contraction

A

Actin

Myosin

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21
Q

What is the fine transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles called?

A

Sarcolemna

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22
Q

Mature cardiac muscle cells exhibit a cross-striated banding pattern comparable to that of skeletal muscle.Unlike multinucleated skeletal muscle, however, each cardiac muscle cell possesses _____________ centrally located pale-staining nuclei

A

Only one or two

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23
Q

Surrounding muscle cells is a delicate sheat of _____________________ containing a rich capillary network

A

Endomysium

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24
Q

What’s the difference between the sacrolemna and endomysium?

A

The sarcolemma is the cell (plasma) membrane of the muscle fiber itself. The endomysium is a thin sleeve of fibrous connective tissue over the muscle fiber

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25
Q

What is a unique and distinguishing characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A

The presence of dark-staining transverse lines that cross the chains of cardiac cells are irregular intervals

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26
Q

What type of muscle tissue is shown?
What does “I” point to? “N”? “D”?

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

I = intercalcated disc

N = nuclei

D = desmosome (in EM)

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27
Q

____________________ is the interface between adjacent cardiac muscle cells where many junctional complexes are present

A

Intercalated discus

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28
Q

Transverse regions of intercalated discus have many _______________ and ______________________, which resemble the zonula adherentes between epithelial cells

A

Desmosomes

Fascia adherentes

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29
Q

What’s the purpose of desmosomes and fascia adherentes in cardiac muscle cells?

A

To bind cardiac cells firmly together and to prevent their ripping under constant contractile activity

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30
Q

Longitudinal portions of each intercalated disc have multiple ______________________, which provide ionic continuity between adjacent cells and act as electrical synapses, of sorts

A

Gap junctions

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31
Q

Gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells allow for such cells to act as a ______________________ with contraction signals passing in waves from cell to cell

A

Multinucleated syncytium

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32
Q

_____________________ consists of muscle fibers, long, cylindrical multinucleated cells

A

Skeletal muscle

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33
Q

Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?

A

Because they result from fusion of embryonic mesenchymal cells (myoblasts)

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34
Q

The nuclei of skeletal muscle cells are ______________ in shape and found at the ______________ of the cell

A

Oval

Periphery

35
Q

What’s the cytoplasm of muscle cells called?

A

Sarcoplasm

36
Q

What’s the smooth ER of muscle cells called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

What’s the plasma membrane of muscle cells called?

A

Sacrolemma

38
Q

Skeletal muscle cells develop from mesenchymal cells called _________________ that align and fuse together, making long, multinucleate tubes called ______________, which then synthesize proteins to create myofilaments and continue differentiation into functional microfilaments

A

Myoblasts

Myotubes

39
Q

_________________ is the external sheath of dense connective tissue that surroundings the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

40
Q

____________________ is the thin septa of connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium, surrounds the __________________ or fiber bindles within a muscle, and contains a rich capillary network

A

Endomysium

Fascicles

41
Q

____________________ is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

A

Perimysium

42
Q

What’s the purpose of the connective tissues surrounding muscle and its fibers and cells?

A

To transmit the mechanical forces generated by contracting muscle cells and fiber

43
Q

Most muscles taper off at their ________________

A

Extremities

44
Q

At the ________________ junction, the connective tissue components of the epimysium associate with tendons

A

Myotendinous junction

45
Q

At the myotendinous junction, collage fibers of the ______________ insert themselves among the muscle fibers and associate with the _______________

A

Tendon

Sarcolemma

46
Q

Myotendinous junctions join muscles to the __________________ of bones

A

Periosteum

47
Q

_________________ muscle fibers are elongated, tapered, and non-striated cells

A

Smooth

48
Q

Each smooth muscle cell is enclosed by a thin _________________ and a fine network of _______________, which serve to combine the forces generated by each smooth muscle fiber into a concerted action (e.g., peristalsis in the intestine)

A

Basal lamina

Reticular fibers

49
Q

Where would you find the nucleus of a smooth muscle cell?

A

At the center of the cell’s broadest part

50
Q

Muscle cells are pseudo-_______________, where the narrow part of one cell lies adjacent to the broad part of another cell (i.e., like pringles)

A

Staggered

51
Q

The borders of smooth muscle cells become __________________ when they contract and the nucleus becomes _______________

A

Scalloped

Distored

52
Q

In skeletal muslce, there are alternating light and dark bands. What are the darker bands called?

A

A bands for anisotropic

53
Q

What are the lighter bands called?

A

I bands for isotropic

54
Q

What’s a way to remember that the darker bands are A bands, the lighter bands are I bands?

A

dArker = A bands

lighter = I bands

55
Q

Each band of a muscle fiver is bisected by a dark transverse line called the ___________ line

A

Z line

56
Q

The functional unit of the muscle fiber is the ______________ and extends from ____ line to ____ line

A

Sarcomere

Z line to Z line

57
Q

Each muscle fiber contains several parallel bundles of ___________________

A

Myofibrils

58
Q

Myofibrils are long series of ________________ with thick and thin filaments separated by ____________

A

Sarcomeres

Z discs

59
Q

What causes the A and I banding pattern in sarcomeres?

A

The regular arrangement of two types of myofilaments, thick and thin

60
Q

________________ make up myofibrils

A

Myofilaments

61
Q

There are two types of myofilaments: thin filaments, which are composed of _____________, and thick filaments, which are composed of ____________

A

Actin

Myosin

62
Q

Thick filaments are composed primarily of _____________________

A

Myosin

63
Q

_____ bands are mainly thick filaments but also have overlapping portions of thin filaments. These are the darker bands

A

A bands

64
Q

The ______ is where there are no thin filaments present

A

H zone

65
Q

The ________ is in the middle of the H zone and is a region of connection between adjacent thick filaments

A

M line

66
Q

What is the major protein of the M line?

A

Myomesin

67
Q

What binds to myosin and holds thick filaments in place?

A

Myomesin

68
Q

_________________ has a molecular mass of around 500 kDa and can be dissociated into two identical heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains are thin, rod-like molecules, which twist together to form _______________ tails

A

Myosin

Myosin

69
Q

Thin filaments are composed of _____________, the long filamentous polymers of its globular monomer

A

F-actin

70
Q

What shape does F-actin have?

A

Double helix shape

71
Q

Polymerization of F-actin produces a filament with ______________

A

Polarity

72
Q

F-actin is associated with ________________ and ________________

A

Tropomyosin

Troponin

73
Q

______________________ is a long and thin protein composed of two polypeptide chains that assemble into longer polymers within the groove between two twisted actin strands

A

Tropomyosin

74
Q

____________________ is a protein complex of three subunits that attaches to tropomyosin at regular intervals

A

Troponin

75
Q

In muscle cells, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is specialized for _____________ sequestration

A

Caclium ion

76
Q

Where does the depolarization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum occur?

A

The myoneuronal junction on the surface of the muscle cell

77
Q

To provide for uniform contraction, skeletal muscle fivers have a system of ___________________________

A

Transverse (T) tubules

78
Q

What a transverse (T) tubules?

A

Fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a complex network of tubules that encircle every myofibril near the A and I band boundaries of each sarcomere

79
Q

Which of the muscle tissue types have the greatest regeneration potential and why?

A

Smooth muscle tissue because it’s composed of simpler, mononucleated cells that are capable of more active regenerative response. After injury, viable cells undergo mitosis and replace damaged tissue, and pericytes can help repair vascular smooth muscle

80
Q

__________________ are cells that can help repair vascular smooth muscle

A

Pericytes

81
Q

Of the three muscle tissue types, whcih is the least capable of regeneration? Why?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue because it lacks satellite cells so there is no regenerative capacity beyond early childhood

82
Q

Why do skeletal muscle tissues have limited regeneration?

A

Because their nuclei do not undergo mitosis as they develop from fusion of early muscle cells

83
Q

In skeletal muscle, there is a small population of ___________________________, an inactive researve of myoblasts remaining after muscle differentiation, that can be activated after injury or other stimuli

A

Mesenchymal satellite cells

84
Q
A

Histology (18 decks)

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