Neuroanatomy Flashcards
cells in the olfactory bulb with no axons, hence forming dendodendritic synapses
Granule cells
The olfactory tract splits into lateral, medial and intermediate olfactory striae in this area?
Anterior perforated substance
Olfactory striae which projects to the piriform and entorhinal cortex and to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus for the conscious analysis of odor
Lateral olfactory striae
Olfactory striae which projects to the septal area mediating the autonomic and emotional response of odors
Medial olfactory striae
Olfactory striae that projects to the anterior perforated substance
Intermediate olfactory striae
It is a white matter tract connecting all three olfactory areas?
Diagonal band of Broca
Why does the olfactory information causes salivation in response to odors?
The stria terminalis travel to the hypothalamus then to the superior and inferior salivary nuclei
Unilateral anosmia suggests an olfactory lesion in what area?
proximal to the piriform cortex
Condition associated with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia due to agenesis of olfactory bulbs
Kallmann syndrome
Vitamin Deficiency which may cause perversion of smell or parosmia
Zinc, Vitamin A
The cones are tightly packed in the macula which is located at?
posterior pole 4mm lateral to the optic disc
How long is the optic nerve?
50mm
Longest portion of the optic nerve
intraorbital (25mm)
supplies the optic nerve
proximal part supplied by the small branches of ophthalmic artery, distal part supplied by the small branches of the ICA and ACA
condition causing slow macular degeneration especially of the central cones
Stargardt disease
Retinitis pigmentosa with congenital hearing loss
Usher syndrome
Which nerve passes through the narrow slit in the cribriform plate alongside the crista galli?
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
The body of the sphenoid contains the sphenoid air sinuses which are lined by mucus membrane and communicate with the nasal cavity. What is the purpose of the sphenoid air sinuses?
Voice resonators
The superior orbital fissure transmits the following nerves:
Lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary, abducent
This transmits the middle meningeal artery from the infra temporal fossa into the cranial cavity?
Foramen spinosum
T/F: the decussation of the lemnisci passes through a short distance above the level of the decussation of the pyramids
True
T/F: The nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve lies lateral to the internal arcuate fibers
True
T/F: The anterior spinothalamic tract occupy an area lateral to the decussation of the lemnisci
True
T/F: The lateral and anterior spinothalamic tract and the spinotectal tracts are very close to one another and collectively are known as spinal lemniscus
True
nerves that can be seen running forward and laterally through the reticular formation
glossopharyngeal, vagus, cranial part of the accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve
T/F: There is a shallow groove in the midline of the pons called the basilar groove which lodges the basilar artery.
True
T/F: The posterior surface is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus.
True
T/F: Lateral to the median sulcus is an elongated elevation, the medial eminence bounded laterally by sulcus limitans.
True
T/F: The floor of the superior part of the sulcus laminates is bluish-bray in color.
True
T/F: The medial lemniscus rotates as it passes from the medulla into the pons.
True
T/F: The basilar part of the pons contains small masses of nerve cells in which the corticopontine fibers of the crus cerebri of the midbrain terminates.
True
T/F: The pontine nuclei give rise to the transverse fibers which forms the main pathway linking the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
True
This structure connects the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body.
inferior brachium
T/F: The red nucleus is a rounded mass of gray matter situated between the cerebral aqueduct and the substantia nigra.
True
This neoplasm occurring usually during childhood is the most common tumor of the brainstem.
Astrocytoma of the pons
T/F: The fibers of the optic nerve are the axons of the cells in the ganglionic layer of the retina
True
T/F: The main oculomotor nucleus lies at the level of the superior colliculus.
True
T/F: The trochlear nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers from both cerebral hemispheres.
True
The cells of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve supplies which muscles?
Muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric muscle
T/F: V1 and V2 only contains sensory fibers.
True
T/F: The facial nerve has three nuclei: the main motor nucleus, the parasympathetic nucleus and the sensory nucleus.
True
T/F: The sensory nucleus of the facial nerve receives taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth and the palate.
True
T/F: Each lateral lemniscus consists of third order neurons from both sides.
True
T/F: The afferent impulses from the carotid sinus travel with the glossopharyngeal nerve and terminate in the nucleus of the tracts solitarius.
True
T/F: Both the left and right vagus nerve contribute to the pulmonary and esophageal plexus.
True
T/F: The hypoglossal nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers from both cerebral hemispheres but the cells responsible for supplying the genioglossus muscle has only contralateral innervation.
True
This is the smallest cranial nerve only consisting of 2400 axons and the only cranial nerve in which all axons decussate.
Trochlear nerve
Condition of intermittent vertical diplopia and oscillopsia caused by spontaneous firing of trochlear motor units.
Superior oblique myokymia
Largest branch of the mandibular nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
An onion-skin pattern of sensory loss over the lateral forehead, cheek and jaw can be localized in what region?
Lower medullary or upper cervical spinal cord
Characterised by unilateral oculosympathetic paresis and ipsilateral trigeminal involvement
Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome
Bilateral enhancing cerebellopontine angle tumors are pathognomonic
Neurofibromatosis-2
Fungal organisms found in fungal meningitis which are associated with rapid clinical deterioration
Aspergillus and Mucor
Type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma which is the most common and associated with EBV.
WHO-3
A genetic disorder caused by absence of underdevelopment of CN VI and VII characterised by horizontal gaze palsy and facial diplegia
Mobius syndrome
Congenital unilateral horizontal abduction deficit due to absence of the abducens nerve on one side.
Duane retraction syndrome
What is the usual location of chordoma?
sacrum (50%)
It is the most common pathologic entity of the petrous apex
Cholesterol granuloma
This is a horizontal bony strut separating the superior and inferior halves of the fundus of the internal auditory canal
Crista falciformis
A surgical landmark separating CNVII from the superior vestibular nerve
Bill’s bar
Branches arising from the mastoid segment of the facial nerve
Nerve to the stapedius muscle, chords tympani nerve and sensory auricular branch
It is the only vestibular nuclei which projects to the ipsilateral MLF
superior vestibular nucleus
this is characterized by the classic clinical triad of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia and myelopathy.
superficial siderosis
intracranially, this is the most common site of schwanommas
superior vestibular nerve
a 49-year old female presents with dysphagia and sharp right parotid pain. Parasagittal CT image shows elongated styloid process arising from the mastoid bone. What is the possible diagnosis?
Eagle syndrome
the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles except _______?
cricothyroid
This is the most common site of skull base dural AVFs?
transverse sinus (followed by cavernous sinus)
Origin of the first-order neuron of Horner’s syndrome
Posterior Hypothalamus
T/F: There is no pharmacologic test to differentiate a first-order or second-order lesion in Horner’s syndrome
True
The patient has a complete left oculomotor nerve palsy with intact pupillary function. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Diabetic Oculomotor Nerve palsy
characterized by impaired adduction of the affected side and nystagmus of the abducting contralateral eye
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
syndrome characterized by a lesion to both the ipsilateral PPRF and MLF
One-and-a-half syndrome
T/F: Retrochiasmal lesions do not cause a pure relative afferent pupillary defect
True
It is considered to be the most common optic nerve disorder in patients older than 50yo.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
T/F: The hypoglossal nerve provides innervation to all intrinsic tongue muscles and three of the four extrinsic tongue muscles (genioglossus, styloglossus and hypoglossus)
True
palatoglossus is innervated by the vagus nerve
T/F: Each SCM is innervated by the ipsilateral motor cortex whereas each trapezius is innervated by the contralateral motor cortex.
True
Responsible for the tactile sensation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Trigeminal nerve
taste-facial nerve
Parasympathetic source to head and neck
Superior salivatory nucleus
This provides innervation to the parotid gland by the glossopharyngeal nerve
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Where is the nuclei for baroreceptor reflex located?
Caudal nucleus solitarius
taste sensation-rostral nucleus solitarius
T/F: Crossed aphasia is very rare occurring in only 1% of cases.
True
Hallmark of conduction aphasia
The patient is unable to repeat what is said to him despite relatively adequate comprehension
Localisation of repetition
Perisylvian area
A patient with non-fluent Broca’s aphasia with no difficulty in repetition has this condition
Transcortical motor aphasia
The patient is wordless but the inner speech and writing is undisturbed.
Aphemia (pure word mutism)
The inferior surface of the hypothalamus bulging downward from the floor of the 4th ventricle
Tuber cinereum
Main blood supply to the posterior pituitary
Inferior hypophyseal artery
T/F: More than half of the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is found outside the hypothalamus.
True
A basic peptide that is synthesized in the liver exerting feedback control of GH by inhibiting the pituitary somatotropes and stimulating the release of somatostatin.
Somatomedin C
Part of the hypothalamus that is reportedly smaller in the homosexual male
Interstitial nucleus
The hypothalamus is involved in approximately how many percent of patients with sarcoidosis?
5%
This is a state of polyuria with dilute urine and polydipsia that results in the loss of action of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
Satiety center of the hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus
Appetite center of the hypothalamus
Ventrolateral nucleus
Weight of the brain when suspended in CSF.
50g
Main cation of the CSF
Sodium
T/F: the pressure in the CSF compartment is highest in the ventricles and diminishes successively along the subarachnoid pathways.
True
The arachnoid villi is most numerous in this region
Both sides of the superior sagittal sinus
The change in ICP for a given change in intracranial volume
Intracranial elastance
