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Neurology > Neurologic Emergencies I > Flashcards

Neurologic Emergencies I Flashcards

1
Q

The sensory division of the Peripheral Nervous System is also referred to as the ___ division.

A
  1. Afferent;
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2
Q

The motor division of the Peripheral Nervous System is also referred to as the ___ division.

A
  1. Efferent;
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3
Q

The nervous system can be subdivided into the ___ Nervous System and the ___ Nervous System.

A
  1. Central;
  2. Peripheral;
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4
Q

The motor division of the Peripheral Nervous System can be subdivided into the ___ Nervous System and the ___ Nervous System.

A
  1. Somatic;
  2. Autonomic;
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5
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System can be subdivided into the ___ and ___ divisions.

A
  1. Sympathetic;
  2. Parasympathetic;
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6
Q

In between the skull and brain are three layers of tissue, called ___. They protect the brain. The strong, outermost layer is named the ___. The middle layer, the ___, is a thin membrane made of blood vessels and elastic tissue. It covers the entire brain. The ___ is the innermost layer, with blood vessels that run deep into the brain.

A
  1. Meninges;
  2. Dura mater;
  3. Arachnoid mater;
  4. Pia mater;
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7
Q

Paralysis of one side of the body.

A
  1. Hemiplegia;
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8
Q

Weakness of one side of the body.

A
  1. Hemiparesis;
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9
Q

___ is a disorder of speech (the process of articulation and pronunciation). ___ is the most severe form, resulting in the complete inability to produce clear, articulate speech

A
  1. Dysarthria;
  2. Anarthria;
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10
Q

___ is a disorder of language (the process in which thoughts and ideas become spoken). ___ is the most severe form, resulting in the complete inability to produce language.

A
  1. Dysphasia;
  2. Aphasia;
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11
Q

What does the acronym VITAMINS stand for?

A

(Possible causes of altered mental status in children)

V - Vascular;

I - Infection;

T - Toxins;

A - Accident/abuse;

M - Metabolic;

I - Intussusception;

N - Neoplasm;

S - Seizure;

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12
Q

What does the V in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of two listed) examples.

A
  1. Vascular;
  2. Arteriovenous malformation;
  3. Systemic vasculitis;
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13
Q

What does the first I in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of two listed) examples.

A
  1. Infection;
  2. Meningoencephalitis;
  3. Overwhelming alternate source of sepsis;
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14
Q

What does the T in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of three listed) examples.

A
  1. Toxins;
  2. Environmental;
  3. Medications;
  4. Contaminated breast milk;
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15
Q

What does the A in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of two listed) examples.

A
  1. Accident/abuse;
  2. Non-accidental trauma;
  3. Sequelae of previous trauma;
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16
Q

What does the M in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of three listed) examples.

A
  1. Metabolic;
  2. Hypoglycemia;
  3. DKA;
  4. Thyroid disorders;
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17
Q

What does the second I in VITAMINS stand for? Which variant does it refer to?

A
  1. Intussusception;
  2. The somnolent variant (with lethargy);
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18
Q

What does the N in VITAMINS stand for? Give one (of three listed) examples.

A
  1. Neoplasm;
  2. SLUDGE phenomenon;
  3. Secondary sepsis;
  4. Hypoglycemia from supply-demand mismatch;
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19
Q

What does the S in VITAMINS stand for?

A
  1. Seizure;
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20
Q

The inability or refusal to swallow.

A
  1. Aphagia;
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21
Q

Difficulty swallowing.

A
  1. Dysphagia;
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22
Q

___ dysphasia is difficulty in comprehension, whilst ___ dysphasia is difficulty in putting words together to make meaning.

A
  1. Receptive;
  2. Expressive;
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23
Q

Paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease.

A
  1. Paraplegia;

-Google Dictionary

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24
Q

A new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.

A
  1. Neoplasm;

-Google Dictionary

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25
Q

The inversion of one portion of the intestine within another.

A
  1. Intussusception;

-Google Dictionary

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26
Q

What does the A in AEIOU TIPS stand for (two listed)?

A
  1. Abuse of substances (including alcohol);
  2. Acidosis;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
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27
Q

What does the E in AEIOU TIPS stand for (five listed)?

A
  1. Electrolytes;
  2. Encephalopathy;
  3. Endocrine disease;
  4. Environmental;
  5. Epilepsy;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
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28
Q

What do the Is in AEIOU TIPS stand for (three listed)?

A
  1. Infection;
  2. Insulin;
  3. Ischemia;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
29
Q

What does the O in AEIOU TIPS stand for (two listed)?

A
  1. Overdose;
  2. Oxygen Deficiency;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
30
Q

What does the U in AEIOU TIPS stand for (two listed)?

A
  1. Underdose;
  2. Uremia;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
31
Q

What does the T in AEIOU TIPS stand for (three listed)?

A
  1. Toxidromes/toxins;
  2. Trauma;
  3. Tumor;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
32
Q

What does the P in AEIOU TIPS stand for (three listed)?

A
  1. Poisons;
  2. Pharmacology / polypharmacy;
  3. Psychiatric / psychogenic;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
33
Q

What does the S in AEIOU TIPS stand for (five listed)?

A
  1. Seizure;
  2. Shock;
  3. Space-occupying leision;
  4. Stroke;
  5. Syncope;
    * -Personal adaptation from multiple sources including Wikipedia AEIOU-TIPS*
34
Q

What does NETTI stand for (the condensed version of AEIOU TIPS)?

A

N - Neurologic;

E - Electrolytes;

T - Trauma;

T - Toxins;

I - Infection;

-EMBasic Podcast

35
Q

What does the mnemonic OTIS CAMPBELL stand for, with respect to chemically-induced seizures?

A

O - Organophosphates;

T - Tricyclics;

I - Insulin;

S - Sympathomimetics;

C - Cocaine;

A - Amphetamines;

M - Methylxanthines;

P - PCP;

B - Benzodiazepine (withdrawal);

E - Ethanol (withdrawal);

L - Lead, lithium;

L - Lidocaine;

36
Q

“Somnolent” is an adjective meaning ___.

A
  1. Sleepy (or drowsy);
37
Q

Medical term for unequal pupils.

A
  1. Anisocoria;
38
Q

A ___ is a brain injury which results in a temporary period of abnormal neurologic function that returns to normal, and leaves no visible structural damage to the brain on CT scan.

A
  1. Concussion;
39
Q

If any of the three assessments of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale is abnormal, the probability of a stroke is ___%.

A
  1. 72%;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

40
Q

What phrase is it suggested to have a patient repeat (for the assessment of speech) during a Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale exam?

A
  1. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

41
Q

For how long should a patient be instructed to extend both arms, palms up, during the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale exam?

A
  1. 10 Seconds;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

42
Q

The Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale was adapted by the AHA in the creation of it’s ___ Exam.

A
  1. FAST;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

43
Q

The FAST Exam has been shown to detect up to ___% of strokes in general, but has a miss rate of ___% for ___ circulation strokes.

A
  1. 90;
  2. 38;
  3. Posterior;
    * - Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019*
44
Q

Up to ___% of strokes involve the posterior cerebral circulation.

A
  1. 25;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

45
Q

Medical term for “visual field deficit.”

A
  1. Hemianopia;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

46
Q

Medical term for “innattention to stimuli.”

A
  1. Hemineglect;

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

47
Q

What does BE FAST stand for, with respect to stroke care?

A

BE FAST

B - Balance

E - Eyes

F - Face

A - Arms

S - Speech

T - Time

- Tacoma Fire Department BE FAST Training Course, as assigned through Target Solutions 06/2019

48
Q

The ___ branch of the ___ nerve primarily innervates the ___ node of the heart and affects heart ___. Hyperstimulation of this nerve promotes ___-arrhythmias.

The ___ branch of the ___ nerve primarily innervates the ___ node of the heart. Hyperstimulation of this nerve predisposes the heart to _(cardiac dysrhythmia)_ and decreased ___-otropy..

A
  1. Right;
  2. Vagus;
  3. SA (sinoatrial);
  4. Rate;
  5. Brady;
  6. Left;
  7. Vagus;
  8. AV;
  9. AV (Conduction) Block;
  10. Drom;
    * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve*
    * -https://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP008*
49
Q

When a person “bares down” while sitting on the toilet, ___ blood pressure increases. The ___ in the ___ and ___ arteries detect this, send a signal through the ___ nerve to the brain, which is relayed through the ___ nerve to the SA node. This can cause the heart’s rate of depolarization to ___ drastically, dropping the heart rate and the delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain.

A
  1. Arterial;
  2. Baroreceptors;
  3. Aorta (more specifically, in the aortic arch)
  4. Carotid (more specifically, in the carotid sinus)
  5. Glossopharyngeal;
  6. Vagus;
  7. Decrease;
    * -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pj1VkA9m0-w*
50
Q

The inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

A
  1. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid);
51
Q

How does one check for Babinski’s Sign? What represents a normal reflex to this stimulus, and what represents a positive Babinski’s Sign? What does a positive Babinski’s Sign indicate?

A
  1. Procedure: Scrape the bottom of the foot with a hard object, starting at the heel and continuing along the side opposite the arch, ending under the toes; 2. Normal Response (in anyone older than two): Either no response at all, or flexion of the big toe downward toward the sole; 3. Positive Babinski’s Sign: Extension of the big toe upwards towards the top of the foot and fanning out of the smaller toes; 4. A positive Babinski’s Sign indicates damage or lesions along the corticospinal tract. (This may occur as a result of head injury, spinal cord injury, CVA, seizure, meningitis and other medical conditions.)
52
Q
  1. What is the name of the seizure-like movements which are sometimes seen after syncope? 2. What is the cause? 3. Are these movements representative of an actual epileptic seizure?
A
  1. Myoclonic jerks; 2. A temporary lack of oxygen in the brain; 3. No;
53
Q

Name the five divisions of the spinal column and the number of vertebrae that compose them.

A
  1. Cervical, 7;
  2. Thoracic, 12;
  3. Lumbar, 5;
  4. Sacrum, 5;
  5. Coccyx, 4;
54
Q

Name the six components of a complete neurologic exam.

A
  1. Mental status;
  2. Cranial nerves;
  3. Motor function;
  4. Sensory function;
  5. Coordination;
  6. Reflexes;
    * - www.neuroexam.com*

Note: “There are four major components of the pre-hospital neurologic screening exam: mental status, motor strength, sensory exam, and evaluation of coordination and balance.”

- FireRescue1 Academy, Spinal Motion Restriction, ALS

55
Q

A drop in systolic blood pressure when a person is moved from a sitting to a standing position is called.

A
  1. Orthostatic hypotension;
56
Q

When testing for dehydration or hypovolemia with the ___ test, a positive test result occurs if the patient becomes ___, has a pulse rate increase of at least ___, or has a systolic blood pressure decrease of at least ___.

A
  1. Orthostatic tilt;
  2. Dizzy;
  3. 20 beats/min;
  4. 20 mm Hg;
57
Q

___ is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality. It is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.

A
  1. Ataxia;
58
Q

Eighty-seven percent of all strokes in the United States are _(variety)_.

A
  1. Ischemic;
59
Q

___ syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a ___ induced drop in blood pressure. The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels resulting in low blood pressure and therefore not enough blood flow to the ___.

A
  1. Reflex;
  2. Neurologically;
  3. Brain
    * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_syncope*
60
Q

Reflex syncope is divided into three types: ___, ___ and ___.

A
  1. Vasovagal,;
  2. Situational;
  3. Carotid sinus;
    * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_syncope*
61
Q

___ syncope is typically triggered by seeing blood, pain, emotional stress, or prolonged standing.

A
  1. Vasovagal;

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_syncope

62
Q

___ syncope is often triggered by urination, straining (such as to have a bowel movement or to lift a heavy weight), swallowing, or coughing.

A
  1. Situational;

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_syncope

63
Q

___ syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck. This may happen when wearing a tight collar, shaving, or turning the head.

A
  1. Carotid Sinus;

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_syncope

64
Q

___ occurs when a person’s blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position. It is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least ___ mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least ___ mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position. Severe drops in blood pressure can lead to fainting, with a possibility of injury.

A
  1. Orthostatic Hypotension, (AKA Postural Hypotension);
  2. 20;
  3. 10;
    * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension*
65
Q

Orthostatic hypotension occurs predominantly as a result of delayed ___ of the ___, which is normally required to maintain an adequate blood pressure when changing position to standing.

A
  1. Constriction;
  2. Lower body blood vessels;

Note: As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output.

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension

66
Q

Name three (of four listed) common possible causes for orthostatic hypotension.

A
  1. Medications (e.g., alpha blockers);
  2. Autonomic neuropathy;
  3. Decreased blood volume;
  4. Age-related blood vessel stiffness;
    * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension*
67
Q

Todd’s paralysis is a neurological condition experienced by individuals with _(medical condition)_, in which a _(event)_ is followed by a brief period of temporary paralysis. The paralysis may be partial or complete but usually occurs on just one side of the body.

A
  1. Todd’s paralysis;
  2. Epilipsy
  3. Seizure;
    * https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/todds-paralysis-information-page*
68
Q

___ is a condition in which the muscles on one side of your face become weak or paralyzed. It affects only one side of the face at a time, causing it to droop or become stiff on that side. It’s caused by some kind of trauma to the ___ cranial nerve.

A
  1. Bell’s palsy;
  2. Seventh (Facial);
    * https://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-bells-palsy-basics*
69
Q

What does the Berdancronym STONED stand for, with regard to common causes of altered level of consciousness?

A

STONED

S - Stroke

T - Trauma

O - Oxygen Deficiency

N - Narcotics

E - Epilepsy

D - Diabetes

Berdancronym

Neurology (2 decks)

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