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Functional Neuroanatomy > Problem 1 - Development of the NS > Flashcards

Problem 1 - Development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior/ Rostral

A

Towards the nose

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2
Q

Posterior/ Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

To the back

–> up when talking about the brain

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4
Q

Ventral

A

To the belly/down

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side

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7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side

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8
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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9
Q

Saggital plane

A

Dividing brain in left vs right

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10
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Dividing brain in up vs down

–> in brain ventral vs dorsal

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11
Q

Coronal plane

A

Dividing brain into front vs back

–> anterior vs posterior

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12
Q

What does the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of ?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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13
Q

Saggital/Longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the 2 hemispheres

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

Refers to the most rostral + largest part of the brain, which can be divided into 2 hemispheres

–> sensations of the 2 hemispheres are contralateral

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lies behind the cerebrum (little brain)

–> sensation of each side are ipsilateral in contrast to the cerebrum

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16
Q

Brain stem

A

Serves to relay info from the cerebrum to the spinal cord + cerebellum and vice versa

–> regulates breathing, consciousness + control of body temperature

17
Q

Spinal cord

A

Is attached to the brain stem

–> conducts info from the skin, joints, muscles of the body to the brain and vice versa

18
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Are part of the PNS, and attach to the spinal cord by 2 branches

a) dorsal root
- -> carry info away from SC
b) ventral root
- -> carry info into SC

–> spinal cord communicates via them

19
Q

Peripheral nervous system

PNS

A

Refers to all parts of the NS other than the brain + spinal cord

–> it contains 2 parts

a) somatic PNS
b) visceral PNS

20
Q

Somatic PNS/

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Contains all the spinal nerves that innervate the

a) skin
b) joints
c) muscles

that are under voluntary control

–> its axons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots

21
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Are clusters that contain the cell bodies of somatic sensory axons

22
Q

Visceral PNS/

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Consists of neurons that innervate the

a) internal organs
b) blood vessels
c) glands

–> mediates reactions beyond voluntary control

23
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Carry info toward target point

24
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Carry info away from target point

25
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Arise from the brain stem + innervate the head

–> there are 12 pairs, some of them part of the CNS others of the SNS

26
Q

Meninges

A

Refer to 3 membranes, covering the brain

a) Dura mater
- -> outermost, though + inelastic

b) Arachnoid mater
- -> middle, spiderweb like

c) Pia mater
- -> close to surface of brain, seperated from the arachnoid by CSF, thin membrane

27
Q

Ventricular system

A

Refers to the fluid-filled (CSF) canals inside the brain

28
Q

CT

A

Scans can noninvasively reveal the

a) organization of white + grey matter
b) position of the ventricles

29
Q

Why are Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) much more used ? What are its advantages ?

A

Yields more detailed map of the brain than CT + doesn’t require X-irradiation

30
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

Visualizes large bundles of axons in the brain

–> application of MRI

31
Q

What are the functions of both Position emission tomography (PET) + Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ?

A

Detecting changes in regional blood flow + metabolism in the brain

32
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of cells that make up an embryo called ?

A
  1. Endoderm
    - -> gives ride to internal organs
  2. Mesoderm
    - -> gives rise to bones + muscles
  3. Ectoderm (!!most important!!)
    - -> gives rise to NS + skin
33
Q

Name the steps in the process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube.

(Neurolation)

A
  1. Neural plate
  2. Neural groove
    - -> its folds come together dorsally to fuse
  3. Neural tube
34
Q

Neural crest

A

Refers to tissue that is pinched off from the ectoderm and comes to lie lateral to the Neural tube

–> develops closely in association with mesoderm

35
Q

Differentiation

A

Refers to the process by which structures become more complex + functionally specialized

–> occurs after Neurolation

Functional Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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