Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RVT- Radiography > RVT- Radiography > Flashcards

RVT- Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 items are used to keep the beam ‘clean?’

A

The filter under the tube
The collimator
The grid under the table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the source image distance?

A

The distance from where the beam leaves the tube to where it reaches the film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

By raising the tube head, do we increase or decrease the density on the film?

A

We decrease density, causing the film to be lighter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the transformer do?

A

Converts the power from one voltage to a higher or lower voltage.
Therefore, increases or decreases the voltage in the circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The function of the X-ray machine is to convert ________electric energy into _____________energy.

A

Hydroelectric energy

Electromagnetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the effective focal spot?

A

The point at which the beam impacts the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ‘actual’ focal spot?

A

Where the electrons hit the anode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where would we see ‘stationary’ anodes used in radiography?

A

Small portable machines

Dental radiographic machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do the filaments sit on the cathode?

A

In the focusing cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A hair dryer converts electrical energy into ________ energy?

A

Thermal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What medium/material is used for a contrast study?

A

Barium sulfate ( most commonly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much barium is usually given to a pet for a contrast study?

A

3-6cc per pound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How often are X-rays taken with barium protocol?

A

0-15-30-60-120-180mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal passage of barium through the stomach and colon?

A

Stomach starts to empty by 30min
Barium enters colon by 3 hrs
However, residual barium can be seen in stomach for 3 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can X-ray radiation affect us on a cellular level?

A

Radiation can change our atoms by ‘bumping’ the negatively charged electrons out. Esp affects cells that are rapidly dividing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why can we not run an X-ray machine directly off power from the wall?

A

The power in most homes and businesses run on an AC -alternating positive and negative charge current that pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When we double the distance away from the centre beam, how much is our radiation exposure reduced by?

A

1/4

Inverse square law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Grid?

A

Under the table to help reduce the radiation scatter on larger animals. Made of radiodense strips of lead placed between patient and plate. Grid ‘captures’ scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the ‘blocker’ on an X-ray film cassette?

A

A small square in the corner of the cassette that is unexposed that can be used to label with a light flasher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the intensifying screens on a cassette?

A

Sheets of phosphor crystals bound together and mounted on a base inside the cassette

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do intensifying screens work?

A

The phosphor crystals convert radiation to light reflecting light into the film.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the layers of the intensifying film?

A

Protective layer
Emulsion ( phosphor crystals)
Reflective layer
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

To make an identical image, the larger crystals will require what amount of radiation?

A

Less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

To make an identical image, the smaller crystals will require what amount of radiation?

A

More

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The detail of the large crystals would be described as?

A

Less detailed/ more blurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The detail of the smaller crystals would be described as….?

A

Finer/higher detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

‘Fast screen’ requires a smaller or larger amount of exposure?

A

Smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Slow screen requires a larger or smaller exposure?

A

Larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the primary purpose of the intensifying screen?

A

To reduce the amount of radiation needed to produce a radiograph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe quantum mottle?

A

An artifact seen with fast screens that are very sensitive. Inconsistent fluorescence from the phosphor layer resulting in a spotty moth eaten appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What % of the exposure recorded on a film is due to the light emitted from the intensifying screens?

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Faster screen speeds require a small exposure and produce less detail. Slow screen speeds require larger exposure and produce greater detail. T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

To absorb back scatter, the back of most cassettes are lined with…..

A

Lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Does the use of intensifying screens affect our decreasing of KVP or mA?

A

KVP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The main advantage of today’s rare earth coated screens is…..

A

They have a higher X-ray to light conversion efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or false….Non screen film requires greater exposure?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A processed film that has not been exposed to ionizing or visible light will appear…..

A

Clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the appropriate storage conditions for radiographic film?

A 
Cool 10-15 C
Dry
Dark, sealed box/container
Humidity 40-60%
Stored vertically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What film speed system is most commonly used in veterinary medicine?

A

Medium speed system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the type of crystals in the intensifying screen emulsion?

A

Phosphor crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the layers in the film?

A

Top coat
Emulsion layer
Adhesive layer
Base x2 or with anti curl layer under base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of crystals are in the emulsion layer of the film?

A

Silver halide crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

When taking an radiograph of a long bone, what are our borders?

A

Joint above and joint below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When radio graphing a joint, what should we include in the view to ensure proper positioning?

A

1/3 of bone above

1/3 of bone below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Long, gray scale contrast is good for what 2 views?

A

Abdominal and thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the name of the instrument used to measure the thickness of an area being radiographed?

A

Calipers (in cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the difference between a one-time artifact and a repeat artifact?

A

Repeat is something in the cassette/grid table,

One-time is specific to that particular radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How can you decide if there is adequate penetration on a film?

A

If you can see the outlines of the organs visualized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Name 5 positioning aids?

A 
Trough
Foam
Towels
Rope
Gauze
Tape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the latent image on an X-ray film?

A

The invisible image on a film that has been exposed to radiation but has not been developed yet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In manual processing, what are the contents of the 3 tanks?

A

Developer, water bath, fixer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In film processing, what are the 5 steps in order?

A 
Place film in developer tank 
Rinse in water bath 30 seconds
Fixer
Water bath for 20 min
Drying rack
53
Q

Which size crystal requires more radiation to emit the same amount of light?

A

Smaller

54
Q

Which crystal would produce a more ‘grainy’ image

A

Larger

55
Q

Which crystal would be considered slow?

A

Small

56
Q

List 4 advantages of automatic processing?

A 
Faster
Less handling of chemicals
Less tech time
Easier
Fewer errors
57
Q

List the required info that must be on an radiograph

A 
Name of pet
Name of Owner
Name of hospital
Date
View
58
Q

What do silver halide crystals become after processing?

A

Black metallic silver

59
Q

At which stage of processing do the silver halide crystals convert to black metallic silver?

A

In the developer

60
Q

At what stage of processing are the unexposed silver halide crystals removed from the film?

A

When in the fixer

61
Q

At what stage is the gelatin in the film hardened?

A

The fixer stage

62
Q

What can cause a series of parallel white lines to develop on the film?

A

The grid

63
Q

The tendency of a luminescent compound to continue to give off light after the X-ray has stopped is called…..

A

After glow

64
Q

A device made of lead strips in a spacing material to absorb scatter radiation….

A

The grid

65
Q

The amount the exposure needs to be increased to compensate for the grids absorption of a portion of the primary beam….

A

Grid factor

66
Q

If using rare earth screens, what spectrum of light must the film be sensitive to?

A

Green range

67
Q

Non-screen film would most likely be used to take what type of radiograph?

A

Dental

68
Q

What was William Crooks famous for?

A

Inventing a glass tube and a system for evacuating air from it to study energy in a vacuum. Neg charge on one end. Positive on the other.

69
Q

What was Wilhelm Roentgen famous for?

A

Inventing the first X-ray. Noticed a projection on a wall while using a Crooks tube.

70
Q

In relation to xrays, what is Albert Einstein known for?

A

Coined the term photons as well as described Xrays as being like a wave and particles

71
Q

What is a photon?

A

A basic unit of light (no mass, travels at speed of light)

72
Q

What is radiation?

A

Is the transfer of electromagnetic energy in waves and photons

73
Q

What is electromagnetic energy?

A

Energy produced by the motion of electrically charged particles

74
Q

What is wavelength?

A

The distance between two consecutive corresponding points on a wave. Crest to crest or trough to trough

75
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of times a wave passes a spot

76
Q

What cells are most affected by radiation?

A

Rapidly dividing cells like those found in the GI tract, reproductive tract, younger persons and neoplastic cells

77
Q

What is somatic damage?

A

Damage seen within the lifetime of the person

78
Q

List important ways we can protect ourselves from excess exposure to radiation?

A

PPP, rotate staff, proper machine maintenance, dosimeter monitoring, stay back from the beam, sedating animal so we can step out or away, proper settings so no extra xrays needed, proper positioning aids

79
Q

What unit of measurement does the dosimeter use?

A

Millisievert

80
Q

What is the maximum exposure dose allowed for full body per year?

A

20mSv per year

81
Q

Which electromagnetic radiation are non-ionizing?

A

Regular sunlight
Infrared
LPF, VLF
Microwaves,

82
Q

Which electromagnetic radiation are ionizing radiation?

A

UV
Xrays
Gamma Rays

83
Q

Of the xrays produces hitting an anode, what % is an X-ray and what % is heat?

A

99% heat

1% X-ray

84
Q

What is the permissible mSv dose allowed for the eye per year?

A

150mSv

85
Q

What is the permissible mSv exposure for the public per year?

A

15mSv

86
Q

What is meant by barrier requirements?

A

Types of materials used in walls of functioning X-ray room as well as thickness of walls and use of adjacent rooms.

87
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Decreased intensity of the X-ray beam

…the beam can be attenuated by PPP or by cement walls

88
Q

Rare earth emulsions have what % conversion efficiency?

A

50-60%

89
Q

Calcium tungstate (non-rare earth) emulsion has a conversion efficiency of what %?

A

30-40%

90
Q

What will be the result on the screen if the wrong colour of film is used with the wrong intensifying screen?

A

Gray and will lack contrast

91
Q

What do phosphor crystals produce on the film?

A

Blackness because it is exposing the parts of the film that are Radiolucent.

92
Q

Which film emulsion requires less exposure time?

A

Rare earth

93
Q

What is the purpose of the protective coating on the intensifying screen?

A

Prevents static
Provides protection from scratches
Provides a surface that can be cleaned

94
Q

Focal film distance is also known as….

A

Source Image distance

95
Q

What is the image source distance usually?

A

40 inches

96
Q

What do the step up and step down transformers do?

A

Step up increased power to the tube to increased the strength at which the beam leaved the tube…KV circuit
Step down decreased power to the filament/cathode end of the tube to prevent filament from melting. MA circuit

97
Q

What does a rectifier do?

A

Converts the alternating current AC to a direct current DC

98
Q

What are the 4 methods of labelling film?

A

Graphite tape
Light flasher
Lead letters
Film identification camera

99
Q

What is the definition of an artifact?

A

Any accidental or unintentional image on a radiograph

100
Q

What can cause screen artifacts?

A 
Over enthusiastic cleaning
Humidity
Scratches/wear
Chem spills
Poor screen contact
101
Q

Raised ‘pinpoints’ on a film can indicate?

A

The emulsion of the screen has absorbed moisture. Pinpoints are emulsion that do not flash with light

102
Q

The image contrast is good, the subject is still but structures are still blurry. What could cause this?

A

Poor screen contact

103
Q

What test can we perform to ensure the screen fits tight to the film?

A

Wire mesh test. Set on top of cassette and take pic. If poor screen contact, the film will have areas that are not sharp.

104
Q

What does a single sided film have that a double sided film does not?

A

Anti-curl layer under the base

105
Q

What is a colloid?

A

It is an emulsion that is in liquid form in high temp but solid form in low temp.

106
Q

The higher number of silver halide crystals converted during exposer =

A

More blackness on the film

107
Q

90% of poor quality films are a result of…

A

Poor processing!

108
Q

The safelight should be how high above the countertop and should not exceed how many watts?

A

4 feet

109
Q

Why are red safelight a used instead of other colours?

A

Red is at the opposite end of the light spectrum to the blues and greens
Safelight colour must be invisible to the X-ray film

110
Q

How do we do a safelight test?

A

Expose a film- tabletop
Remove film from cassette in dark room
Slide 2/3 of the film under the cassette leaving 1/3 on the countertop under the safelight. Wait 30seconds then uncover the 2/3 and wait another 30 seconds. Develop and look for density change

111
Q

What should the temperature be on the processing tank water?

A

20 degrees Celsius

112
Q

What does the developer do?

A

Swells the emulsion in the film converting the sensitized silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

113
Q

A lack of blackness on a film could indicate….?

A

Developer needs to be changed.

114
Q

What ingredients are in the fixer?

A

Solvent
Fixing agent to clear remaining silver halide crystals
Acidifier- neutralizes any alkaline developer remaining
Hardener
Preservative

115
Q

What will fixer retention look like on a film?

A

Brownish color from retained sulphur

Film will deteriorate quickly

116
Q

What will an X-ray look like if chemistrys are poorly mixed?

A

Clouds/ wave like

117
Q

What 3 things does a good radiograph require?

A

Good density, contrast and detail

118
Q

What are the 5 radiographic opacities/densities from most radiolucent to most radiopaque?

A 
Gas
Fat
Fluid/soft tissue
Mineral
Metal
119
Q

What does the KV control?

A

Controls the speed and energy of the electron beam

120
Q

What does mA control?

A

Number of electrons emitted across the tube

121
Q

True or False

MA blackens or lightens the whole film uniformly?

A

True

122
Q

Do we want to take X-ray when animal inhaling or exhaling?

A

Exhaling because it displaces the diaphragm cranially allowing more of the abdomen to be seen

123
Q

What are 3 good preparations for the animal before taking an X-ray?

A

Fasting 12 hrs previous
Enema 3-4 hrs previous
Sedation

124
Q

How do we adjust the X-ray positioning to see a bladder on a male dog?

A

VD oblique

125
Q

What is the best view for a heart view…VD or DV?

A

DV

126
Q

What is the best view for looking at lungs….VD or DV?

A

VD

127
Q

What steps do we follow when evaluating/interpreting an abdominal radiograph?

A 
View in 4 areas
-Extraabdominal structures
-Peritoneal and retro peritoneal space
-GI system
=Urogenital system
128
Q

Which apparatus reduces the ‘weak/low’ kVp Rays coming out of the X-ray tube?

A

The ‘filter’ that sits under the tube. It is made up of thin wafers of metal that filter out the weaker rays

RVT- Radiography (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions