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Second Trimester > Spinal anatomy Study Guide questions > Flashcards

Spinal anatomy Study Guide questions Flashcards

1
Q

*What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

ANS: epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

*What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

ANS: osteoblast-form bone; osteocyte-maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast-remodel bone

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3
Q

*What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

ANS: glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

*What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

ANS: collagen type I

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5
Q

*What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

ANS: hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

*Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

ANS: sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

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7
Q

*What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age

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8
Q

*Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

ANS: mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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9
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

ANS: intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

ANS: from the second to third month in utero

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11
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

ANS: the skull

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12
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

ANS: endochondral ossification

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13
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

ANS: from the second to fifth month in utero

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14
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

ANS: the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

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15
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

ANS: the clavicle

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16
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

ANS: primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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17
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

ANS: cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

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18
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

ANS: the periosteum

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19
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

ANS: the endosteum

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20
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ANS: sexual dimorphism or gender variation

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21
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ANS: ontogenetic variation

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22
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ANS: geographic variation or population based variation

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23
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

ANS: idiosyncratic variation

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24
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

ANS: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

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25
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

A

ANS: long bones, short bones and sesamoid bones

26
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

ANS: most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

27
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

ANS: the bone develops within a tendon

28
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

ANS: patella and pisiform

29
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

A

ANS: flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

30
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

ANS: frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal

31
Q

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

ANS: frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid

32
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

A

ANS: accessory and heterotopic bone

33
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

ANS: accessory bone

34
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

ANS: para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

35
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

ANS: heterotopic bone

36
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

ANS: calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

37
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

ANS: elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways & facets

38
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

ANS: during and after puberty

39
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

ANS: linear, rounded and sharp

40
Q

What are the types of Osseous linear elevation?

A

ANS: the line, ridge and crest

41
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

ANS: tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

42
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

ANS: spine and process

43
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

ANS: spine and process

44
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

ANS: linear and rounded depressions

45
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

ANS: notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

46
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

ANS: the fovea and fossa

47
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ANS: ostium or orifice and hiatus

48
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

ANS: an irregular opening on the surface of bone

49
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

ANS: foramen or canal

50
Q

What is the name given to an Ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

ANS: meatus

51
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

ANS: flat facets and rounded facets

52
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

ANS: articular heads and articular condyles

53
Q

How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?

A

INS: 126 bones

54
Q

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

A

ANS: 80 bones

55
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A

ANS: the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs

56
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

A

ANS: 28 bones

57
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

A

ANS: the cranium

58
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

ANS: the bones that support or protect the brain

59
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

A

ANS: 8 bones

60
Q

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

A

ANS: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

61
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

A

ANS: the bones that support the face or front of the head

62
Q

What bones form the facial skeleton?

A

ANS: mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and Zygomatic

Second Trimester (1 decks)

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