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DH 134 Radiography > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

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2
Q

Define radiograph.

A

An image or picture produced on a receptor by exposure to ionizing radiation; a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object

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3
Q

electrical charges for proton, electron and neutron.

A

° Proton (+)
° Electron (-)
° Neutron (neutral)


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4
Q

Know the difference between the binding energy of an inner and an outer shell.

A

The binding energy is greatest in the shell closest to the nucleus.

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5
Q

Know the letters that correspond with each orbit/shell.

A 
°	Inner: K 
°	L
°	M
°	N
°	O
°	P
°	Outer: Q
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6
Q

component parts of the x-ray machine.

A

° Control Panel
° Extension arm
° Tubehead


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7
Q

° Metal housing:

A

♣ Surrounds the x-ray tube
♣ Metal body of the tubehead
♣ Filled with oil: protects the x-ray tube and grounds the high-voltage components.

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8
Q

° Insulating Oil:

A

♣ Oil that surrounds the x-ray tube

♣ Prevents over heating by absorbing the heat created by the production of x-rays.

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9
Q

° Tubehead Seal:

A

♣ Aluminum or leaded-glass covering of the tubehead that permits the exit of the x-rays from the tubehead.
♣ Seals the oil in the tubehead and acts as a filter to the x-ray beam.

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10
Q

° X-ray Tube

A

♣ The heart of the x-ray generating system.

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11
Q

° Transformer:

A

♣ Device that alters the voltage of incoming electricity.

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12
Q

° Aluminum disks:

A

♣ Filter out non-penetrating, longer wavelength x-rays.

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13
Q

° Lead Collimator:

A

♣ Restricts the size of the x-ray beam.

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14
Q

° Position indicating device (PID):

A

Aims and shapes the x-ray beam.

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15
Q

Define ionization.

A

° The production of ions; the process of converting an atom into ions resulting in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron. 


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16
Q

• Know the properties of x-rays.

A

° Invisible
° No mass or weight
° No charge
° Travel at the speed of light
° Travel in waves that have short wavelengths and a high frequency
° Travel in straight lines and can be deflected or scattered
° Cannot be focused to one point and always diverge from the point
° Can penetrate liquids, gases, and solids
° Are absorbed by matter
° Interact with the materials they penetrate and cause ionization
° Can cause certain substances to fluoresce or emit radiation in longer wavelengths.
° X-rays can produce an image on a receptor
X-rays cause biological changes in living cells.

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17
Q

Know the process that occurs with ionization.

A

° An atom with an incompletely filled outer shell is electrically unbalanced it attempts to capture an electron from an adjacent atom.
° If the atom gains an electron, it has more electrons than protons or neutrons and therefore will have a negative charge.
° If the atom loses an electron and has more protons and neutrons, it has a positive charge.
° An atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically imbalanced is known as an ion. 


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18
Q

Know how an ion pair results.

A

And ion pair results when an electron is removed from an atom during the ionization process, an ion pair results. The atom becomes a positive ion and the ejected electron becomes the negative ion. This ion pair reacts with other ions until electrically stable, neutral atoms are formed.

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19
Q

Know the different types of electromagnetic radiation.

A 
°	Gamma ray
°	X-ray
°	Ultraviolet
°	Visible 
°	Infrared
°	Microwave 
Radio
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20
Q

What part of the tubehead are x-rays produced?

A

The positive anode.

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21
Q

What unit of time is used to measure x-ray exposure?

A

° Either SECONDS or IMPULSES

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22
Q

What types of x-rays are more likely to be absorbed by the skin?

A

…

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23
Q

Know the percentage of kinetic energy of the electron is converted to x-rays at the anode.

A

1% of the energy is converted to x-rays, 99% is lost as heat.

24
Q

What type of radiation is the most detrimental to the patient and operator?

A

Scatter Radiation.

25
Q

Know what type of x-rays beam exits the PID.

A

Primary Radiation.

26
Q

Where are the electrons generated within the x-ray tube?

A

The negative cathode.

27
Q

What does the milliamperage setting control on an x-ray machine?

A

quantity of x-rays produced.

28
Q

When using a high kilovoltage what type of x-rays are produced?

A

° Increased density: appears darker

° Low contrast: many shades of gray instead of black and white.


Time: kilovoltage increased, time decreased to account for penetrating power.

29
Q

Identify the function of the kilovoltage setting on an x-ray machine.

A

Controls QUALITY

30
Q

Define density.

A

The overall darkness or blackness of an image.

31
Q

What exposure factor affects contrast?

A

Kilovoltage.

32
Q

Identify the density and contrast of a film produced with a high kilovoltage setting.

A

Density: Decreased density and will appear darker.

Contrast: Low contrast – will have many shades of gray rather than black and white.

33
Q

Be able to identify the intensity of the x-ray beam if the PID is increased from 8 inches to 16 inches.

A

¼ as intense.

34
Q

Know the Inverse Square Law.

A

° “The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation.”

Original intensity / New intensity = New Distance2 / Original Distance2

35
Q

What controls the quantity of the x-rays produced?

A

° Milliamperage.

36
Q

Know the function of the lead collimator and the aluminum disks. Know what each is made from.

A

° Lead Collimator: Restricts the size of the x-ray beam. Is made from lead.

° Aluminum Disks: Filter out the non-penetrating, longer wavelength x-rays. It is made from aluminum.

37
Q

Know the process that occurs with ionization.

A

° Results when x-rays strike patient tissues.
° Results information of a positive atom and dislodged negative electron (ion pair)
° The electron interacts with other atoms within the absorbing tissues causing chemical changes within the cell that results in biological damage.
° The kinetic energy of the electrons results in further ionization, excitation, or the breaking of molecular bonds, all of which cause chemical changes within the cell that result in biologic damage.
° The biologic changes may or may not affect cells.

38
Q

• Latent period

A

° Is the amount of time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs.

39
Q

Somatic vs genetic effects

A

Somatic: all cells in the body except reproductive cells.

Genetic: reproductive cells.

40
Q

• Know the difference between an image receptor holder and a beam alignment device.


A

° Image receptor holder: a device used to hold and align intraoral x-ray receptors. Examples include… Styrofoam bite block, Snap-A-Ray, etc.

° Beam alignment device: used to help the operator position the PID in relation to the tooth and the receptor. Examples include… The Rinn (XCP), etc.

41
Q

Review the components of the x-ray film packet.

A

Inner paper

Dental film

Lead foil backing

Outer package

42
Q

Know why there is an identification dot on the film. What is it used for?

A

Used to determine film orientation.

43
Q

°

Know what side of the film is placed toward the PID in the mouth.

A

Blank “white” side.

44
Q

Know what information you would find on the label side. What are the different colors for?

A 
°	Information on label side:
Circle or dot corresponding with the raised identification dot on the film. 
“opposite side towards tube”
Manufacturers name (maybe)
Film speed
The number of films enclosed.

° What are the different colors for?
To determine film type and number of films in the package.

45
Q

Know the difference between a duplicating film and an intraoral x-ray film.

A

° Duplicating Film: identical to original x-ray photo. Used for specialist referrals, claims, and teaching. A special film is required to make a duplicate film.
° Duplicating film: photographic film is used to make an identical copy of an x-ray. 


46
Q

Know where film emulsion is located on a film and also on a duplicating film.

A

° Duplicating film has emulsion on one side only. 


° Intraoral films have emulsion on both sides of the film.

47
Q

• Define latent image and where it is stored.

A

° Latent image is the pattern of stored energy on exposed film; the invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-rays, and that remains invisible until the film is processed.

° It is stored in the silver halide crystals.


48
Q

• What is the purpose of the lead foil within the packet?

A

° Shields the film from backscattered (secondary) radiation that results in film fog.

49
Q

Know what happens when a film is placed in backwards.

A

When a film is placed backwards, the manufacturer placed embossed (carve, mold, or stamp) pattern on the lead foil sheet is visible on the processed radiograph.

50
Q

Know what size film you would use to take a periapical in the anterior and posterior.

A

Film Size 2.

51
Q

Know what type of x-ray is used to detect interproximal decay and crestal bone.

A

Bitewings (size 3)

52
Q

Be able to define latent image.

A

The pattern of stored energy on the exposed film; the invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-rays and that remains invisible until the film is processed.

53
Q

Know the difference between intraoral and extraoral film/receptors.

A

Extraoral are large and unable to fit in the mouth. 


Intraoral and smaller and able to fit in the mouth.

54
Q

Know the difference between screen film and regular x-ray film.

A

Screen Film: A film that requires the use of a screen for exposure.

55
Q

asepsis

A

Asepsis: The absence of pathogens or disease-causing microorganisms.

56
Q

Antiseptic:

A

Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

57
Q

What parts of the x-ray machine must you cover or disinfect prior to starting the appointment?

A

Tubehead, PID, Control panel, Exposure button.

DH 134 Radiography (3 decks)

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