Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM toxicology plants > Toxic Princples > Flashcards

Toxic Princples Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanogenic Glycosides

A

MOA:

Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibtion of cellular respiration

Chronic: neuronal degeneration

CS:

Dyspnea, salivation, dilated pupils, ataxia, musc tremors, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Piperdine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Nicotinic effects (ganglionic & NM stimulation followed by blockade)

CS:

Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation, cleft palate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nitropropanol Glycoside

A

MOA:

Inhibits enzymes of Krebs cycles & oxidative phosphorylation

CS:

Cattle & sheep: resp and neurologic (cracker heels/roaring)

Horses & rodents: neurologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Hepatotoxic

CS:

Liver damage; hepatic photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lily

A

MOA:

Unknown toxin causing nephrotoxocity in cats; causes GI irritation in cats & dogs

CS:

Salivation, V, depression, anorexia, polyuria followed by anuria & death

*ARF in cats only*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Insoluble Calcium Oxalates

A

MOA:

Needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals penetrate oral mucosa, tongue, and through causing

CS:

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat; Vomiting

**All parts of the plant is toxic; animal has to chew it**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cycasin

A

MOA:

Glycoside: GI irritation, liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic

BMAA: neurotoxic amino acid

Unknown: cause axonal degeneration in CNS

CS:

Dogs: V (w/or w/out blood), anorexia, D+, depression, sometimes seizures

Sheep: GI and wt loss

Cattle: neuronal signs (ataxia, weakness, wt loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lectins

(Phytotoxins, toxalbumins)

A

MOA:

Inhibit cellular protein synthesis causing cell death

CS:

Severe GI signs, bloody D+, cyanosis, convulsions, liver & kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alsike Clover and Red Clover

A

MOA:

Hepatotoxicity & secondary photosensitization (horses), hepatic encephalopathy

CS:

Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tannic Acid

A

MOA:

Tissue damage: GI and kidney

CS:

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony (GI/kidney)

Monogastrics: colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic D+, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus (GI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Grapes and Raisins

A

MOA:

Unknown toxin causes acute renal failure in dogs

CS:

V, signs of acute renal failure

*Only dogs*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Selenium

A

Acute: GI irritation & resp signs

Chronic: hoof & hair abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

GI, CNS, resp, cardiac

CS:

GI signs; similar signs to atropine (V, mydriasis, drowsiness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protoanemonin

A

MOA:

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside

CS:

Severe irritation of GI muscoa and dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Copper

A

Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anthraquinones

A

MOA:

Purgative

CS:

Severe GI signs and D+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Grayanotoxins

A

MOA:

Bind to Na channels & depolarize excitabile cells, GI irritation

CS:

Hypersalivation, V/D, regurg, colic, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever

*death d/t aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gossypol

A

MOA:

Cardiotoxic & secondary liver damage, detroys seminiferous tubules, binds to proteins, amino acids, & iron

CS:

Chronic; male infertility, cardiac toxicity

**Monogastric animals more sensitive**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

MOA:

Damage of RBC membranes & hemolysis, Heinz body formation

CS:

Anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, dyspnea, icterus, anion odor, abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coumarin Glycosides

A

MOA:

Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants; antagonize vit K by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase (inhibits CF 2,7,9,10)

CS:

Hemorrhage

Tx: vit K1 or whole blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Indolizidine Alkaloids (Swainsonine)

A

MOA:

Inhibit lysosomal enzymes essneital for formation of glycoproteins; alteration of cell function in brain & many organs

CS:

Neuronal signs (locoism), depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, wt loss, poor performance, decr immune fxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diterpene Esters

A

MOA:

Direct irritation of skin & mucous membranes, activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage & enzyme dysfunction

CS:

Irritation & blistering of skin and GI Mucosa, salivation, V/D +/- blood

*More severe in large animals*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

A

MOA:

Inhibit Na/K ATPase; also cause GI irritation

CS:

Severe GI signs, dilated pupils, convulsions, resp signs, bradycardia, cardiac arrest

24
Q

Ergot Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Vasoconstriction, gangrene, abortion

CS:

Chronic presentation

25
Q

Macadamia Nuts

A

MOA:

Toxin and MOA are unknown

CS:

Weakness (esp in HLs), depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, V/D, colic, pale mm

26
Q

Xanthine Alkaloids

(Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine)

A

MOA:

Blocks adenosine receptors; inhibits phosphodiesterase

CS:

Salivation, V/D, colic, CNS stimulation/seizures, musc tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

27
Q

Triterpene Acids

A

MOA:

Liver damage & hepatic photosensitization

CS:

Depression, anorexia, constipation/D+, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

**Horses are resistant**

28
Q

Isocupressic Acid

A

MOA:

Vasoconstriction and decr uterine blood flow (release of fetal cortisol)

CS:

Abortion in cattle

29
Q

Resins or Resinoids

A

MOA;

Irritation of nervous or musc tissue

30
Q

Senna

A

MOA:

Unknown myotoxin causes skeletal musc myopathy & cardiomyopathy

CS:

D+, musc weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death

*Seeds are most toxic*

31
Q

Glucosinolate

(Thiocyanate glycosides)

A

MOA:

Antithyroid

CS:

Signs of hypoT4

32
Q

Colchicine

A

MOA:

Antimitotic (binds to tubulin and nihibits spindle formation during cell division)

CS:

All oragn system toxicity

*rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive*

33
Q

Carboxyatractyloside

(Sulfated glycoside)

A

MOA:

Hepatotoxicity

CS:

Liver is main target; excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

34
Q

Black Walnut

A

MOA:

Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood

CS:

Laminitis

35
Q

Pigweed

A

MOA:

Nitrate: methemoglobinemia/abortion; soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia & kidney damage; unknonw: renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, and horses

CS:

Hypocalcemia, depression, weakness, incoordination, signs of renal failure

36
Q

Steroidal Saponins

A

MOA:

Hepatogenic photosensitivity, GI irritation

CS:

Photosensitization & liver damage; hypersalivation, V/D +/- blood, colic, nausea

Dogs and cats: depression

Cats: dilated pupils

37
Q

Lycorine

A

MOA:

Emetic and pergative

CS:

Anorexia, salivation, V/D, hypotension

Lg amts: musc tremors & seizures

**bulb is the most toxic**

38
Q

Thiaminase

A

MOA:

Destorys thiamine in diet and produced vit B1 deficiency

CS:

Neurotoxicity: wasting, incoordination, posterior paralysis, musc rigidity, convulsive seizures

39
Q

Truterpenoid Saponins

A

MOA:

Direct irritation of GIT

CS:

Salivation, anorexia, V/D, colic, hypothermia

40
Q

Meliatoxins

A

MOA:

Enterotoxic, Neurotoxic

CS:

GI signs +/- blood, CNS and peripheral signs (similar to nicotine), death from resp failure

41
Q

Calcinogenic glycosides

(Vit D analogs)

A

MOA:

Hypercalcemia (inhibits renal excretion); calcification of elastic tissues (arteries, ligaments, tendons, etc.)

CS:

Slow onset of lameness (6m-1yr), incr bone density; calcinosis

42
Q

Quinones

A

MOA:

Primary photosensitization (directly from the plant)

CS:

Erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections

43
Q

Yellow starthistle & Russian Knapweed

A

MOA:

Toxins interact w/dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons esp substantia nigra & globus pallidus

CS:

Sudden onset, inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, dehydration

*Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia*

Chewing dz

44
Q

Diterpene Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors

CS:

Sudden death (cattle), musc weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse

Monkshood: cardiac arrythmias

Tx: Physostigmine and neostigmine

45
Q

Molybdenum

A

MOA:

Causes copper deficiency

CS:

Watery, bubbly D+, wasting, anemia, depigementation, demyelination, osteoporosis

46
Q

Tetradymol

A

MOA:

Hepatogenic photosensitization

CS:

Sudden onset of anorexia, depression, icoordination, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling erytehma, necrosis, sloughing

**Sheep are most susceptible**

47
Q

Soluble oxalates

A

MOA:

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues

Kidney damage

CS:

Hypocalcemia, tetany

Lg doses can cause renal failure

48
Q

Avocado

A

Goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds: cardiotoxicity

Cattle, horses, goats, rabbits: non-infectious mastitis & agalactica

49
Q

Red Maple

A

MOA:

Unknown toxin in dired leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia & Heinz body anemia in horses

CS:

Anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown discoloration of mm, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death

*Horses*

50
Q

Nitrate

A

Acute: GI irritation, methemoglobinemia, resp insuffieicny, abortion

Chronic: decr progesterone during pregnancy & abortion

51
Q

Tropane Alkaloids

(Atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)

A

MOA:

Similar to atropine

All parts of the plant are toxic

CS:

Mydriasis, dry mouth, tachycardia, hypertension, urine retention, hallucination, seizures

Tx: physostigmine

52
Q

Dimethyl Sulfide

A

MOA:

Oxidation of RBCs forming Heinz bodies

CS:

Depression, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, cyanosis

53
Q

Phytoestrogens

A

MOA:

Bind to estogen receptors

CS:

Infertility in males/females; decr libido & feminization in males

54
Q

Taxine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Inhibits Na/K ATPase (Causes excess IC calcium)

CS:

Cardiotoxic and GI (similar to glycosides)

**CI to give K+**

55
Q

Ptaquiloside

A

MOA:

Death of precurosr cells in BM; neoplasia in uinary tract; tumors in upper GIT; retinal damage

CS:

Aplastic anemia (acute hemorrhage & anorexia), enzootic bovine hematuria (blood in urine, anemia, tachycardia, death), bright blindness in sheed

56
Q

Muscarine

A

MOA:

Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

CS:

CNS stimulation

57
Q

Pyridine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Low doses: depolarization of nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and CNS

High doses: causes blockade

CS:

Rapid onset; excitation, salivation, lacrimation, V/D, tachypnea, musc twitching/weakness, dyspnea

Death d/t resp failure

RUSVM toxicology plants (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions