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Akira Balaba
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Decks in this class (27)
Module 1: Chapter 1: Scientific Terminology
Practical skills are embedded throughout all the content of this specification. Learners will be required to develop a range of practical skills throughout their course in preparation for the written examinations.
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Module 1: Chapter 2: Required Practical
A range of practical experiences is a vital part of a learner’s development as part of this course. Learners should develop and practise a wide range of practical skills throughout the course as preparation for the Practical Endorsement, as well as for the written
examinations. The experiments and skills required for the Practical Endorsement will allow learners to develop and practise their practical skills, preparing learners for the written examinations.
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Module 2: Chapter 1: Cell Structure
Biology is the study of living organisms. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells, therefore understanding the structure and function of the cell is a fundamental concept in the study of biology. Since Robert Hooke coined the phrase ‘cells’ in 1665, careful observation using microscopes has revealed details of
cell structure and ultrastructure and provided evidence to support hypotheses regarding the roles of cells and their organelles.
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Module 2: Chapter 2: Biological Molecules
The cells of all living organisms are composed of biological molecules. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are three of the key groups of biological macromolecules that are essential for life. A study of the structure of these macromolecules allows a better understanding of their functions in living organisms.
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Module 2: Chapter 3: Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are essential to heredity in living
organisms. Understanding the structure of nucleotides
and nucleic acids allows an understanding of their roles
in the storage and use of genetic information and cell
metabolism.
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Module 2: Chapter 4: Enzymes
Metabolism in living organisms relies upon enzymecontrolled reactions. Knowledge of how enzymes function and the factors that affect enzyme action has improved our understanding of biological processes and increased our use of enzymes in industry.
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Module 2: Chapter 5: Biological membranes
Membranes are fundamental to the cell theory. The structure of the plasma membrane allows cells to communicate with each other. Understanding this ability to communicate is important as scientists increasingly make use of membrane-bound receptors as sites for the action of medicinal drugs. Understanding how different substances enter cells is also crucial to the development of mechanisms for the administration of drugs.
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Module 2: Chapter 6: Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation
During the cell cycle, genetic information is copied and passed to daughter cells. Microscopes can be used to view the different stages of the cycle.In multicellular organisms, stem cells are modified to produce many different types of specialised cell.
Understanding how stem cells can be modified has huge potential in medicine. To understand how a whole organism functions, it is essential to appreciate the importance of cooperation between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
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Module 3: Chapter 1: Exchange surfaces
As animals become larger and more active, ventilation and gas exchange systems become essential to supply oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, their bodies. Ventilation and gas exchange systems in mammals, bony fish and insects are used as examples of the properties and functions of exchange surfaces in
animals.
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Module 3: Chapter 2: Transport in animals
As animals become larger and more active, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. Controlling the supply of and removal of waste requires the coordinated activity of the heart and circulatory system.
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Module 3: Chapter 3: Transport in plants
As plants become larger and more complex, transport
systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and
remove waste from, individual cells. The supply of nutrients from the soil relies upon the flow of water through a vascular system, as does the movement of the products of photosynthesis.
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Module 4: Chapter 1: Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system
Organisms are surrounded by pathogens and have evolved defences against them. Medical intervention can be used to support these natural defences. The mammalian immune system is introduced.
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Module 4: Chapter 2: Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety and complexity of life. It is an important indicator in the study of habitats. Maintaining biodiversity is important for many reasons. Actions to maintain biodiversity must be taken at local, national and global levels.
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Module 4: Chapter 3: Classification and evolution
Evolution has generated a very wide variety of organisms. The fact that all organisms share a common ancestry allows them to be classified. Classification is an attempt to impose a hierarchy on the complex and dynamic variety of life on Earth. Classification systems have changed and will continue to change as our knowledge of the biology of organisms develops.
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Module 5: Chapter 1: Communication and homeostasis
Organisms use both chemical and electrical systems to monitor and respond to any deviation from the body’s steady state.
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Module 5: Chapter 2: Excretion as an example of homeostatic control
The kidneys, liver and lungs are all involved in the removal of toxic products of metabolism from the blood and therefore contribute to homeostasis. The kidneys play a major role in the control of the water potential of the blood. The liver also metabolises some toxins that are ingested.
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Module 5: Chapter 3: Neuronal communication
The stimulation of sensory receptors leads to the generation of an action potential in a neurone. Transmission between neurones takes place at synapses.
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Module 5: Chapter 4: Hormonal communication
The ways in which specific hormones bring about their effects are used to exemplify endocrine communication and control. Type 1 diabetes is used as an example to demonstrate how medical technology is used to regulate the hormonal control systems.
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Module 5: Chapter 5: Plant and animal responses
Plant responses to environmental changes are coordinated by hormones, some of which are important commercially. In animals, responding to changes in the environment is a complex and continuous process, involving nervous, hormonal and muscular coordination.
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Module 5: Chapter 6: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process whereby light from the Sun is harvested and used to drive the production of chemicals, including ATP, and used to synthesise large organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
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Module 5: Chapter 7: Respiration
Respiration is the process whereby energy stored in complex organic molecules is transferred to ATP. ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes
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Module 6: Chapter 1: Cellular control
The way in which cells control metabolic reactions determines how organisms, grow, develop and function.
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Module 6: Chapter 2: Patterns of inheritance
Isolating mechanisms can lead to the accumulation of different genetic information in populations, potentially leading to new species. Over a prolonged period of time, organisms have changed and some have become extinct. The theory of evolution explains these changes. Humans use artificial selection to produce similar changes in plants and animals.
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Module 6: Chapter 3: Manipulating genomes
Genome sequencing gives information about the location of genes and provides evidence for the evolutionary links between organisms. Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of naturally occurring processes and enzymes. The capacity to manipulate genes has many potential benefits, but the implications of genetic techniques are subject to much public debate.
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Module 6: Chapter 4: Cloning and biotechnology
Farmers and growers exploit “natural” vegetative propagation in the production of uniform crops. Artificial clones of plants and animals can now be produced. Biotechnology is the industrial use of living organisms (or parts of living organisms) to produce food, drugs or
other product.
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Module 6: Chapter 5: Ecosystems
Organisms do not live in isolation but engage in complex interactions, not just with other organisms but also with their environment. The efficiency of biomass transfer limits the number of organisms that can exist in a particular ecosystem. Ecosystems are dynamic and tend towards some form of climax community.
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Module 6: Chapter 6: Populations and sustainability
There are many factors that determine the size of a population.
For economic, social and ethical reasons ecosystems may need to be carefully managed. To support an increasing human population, we need to use biological resources in a sustainable way
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A Level Biology OCR A
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