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AP Biology

This class was created by Brainscape user Irina Soloshenko. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Irina Soloshenko
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Decks in this class (383)

1.1.1 Properties of Life
Key concepts,
The correct order from largest to...,
Homeostasis
11  cards
1.2.1 An Introduction to Biology
Biology synthesizes many other sc...,
Biology,
Biology is a ____ of other sciences
8  cards
1.2.2 The Nature of Science: The Story of Darwin
Scientific method,
Charles darwin,
What does scientific method not i...
7  cards
1.2.3 Early Scientific Thought
Change of scientific view,
Aristotle,
Albert magnus and thomas aquinas
13  cards
1.2.4 The Emerging Science of Geology
George cuvier and james hutton,
Catastrophism,
Gradualism
14  cards
1.3.1 Linnaeus, Buffon, and Lamarck
Carolus linnaeus,
George de buffon,
Jean baptiste lamarck
13  cards
1.3.2 Darwin: The Voyage Continues
Charles darwin,
Biogeography,
Cape verde
11  cards
1.3.3 Darwin: More Observations
Adaptation,
Niche,
What was fitzroy s contribution t...
7  cards
1.4.1 Darwin: The Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin based his theory of evolut...,
The theory of evolution by natura...,
Artificial selection
11  cards
1.4.2 The Theory of Natural Selection
Artificial selection,
Notes,
Variation
13  cards
1.4.3 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin
Lamarck s theory of evolution was...,
Use and disuse,
Inheritance of acquired character...
9  cards
1.4.4 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin, Part II
Lamarck s theory for evolution,
Darwin s theory of natural selection,
How would lamarck have explained ...
8  cards
1.5.1 Fossil Formation, Dating, and Indexing
John ray 1627 1705,
Absolute dating,
Sedimentation
10  cards
1.5.2 The Fossil Record
Coevolution,
Note,
Precambrian era 45 billion years ago
16  cards
1.5.3 Some Fossil Surprises
Transition fossils,
Archaeopteryx lithographica,
Note
11  cards
1.5.4 The Coevolution of Horses and Plants
Coevolution,
Cladogenesis,
Notes
12  cards
1.5.5 Mass Extinctions: An Asteroid Can Ruin Your Day
Mass extenctions,
Notes,
Ordovician period
15  cards
1.6.1 Human Evolution: What Is a Primate?
Linnaean system,
Note,
Phylogenetic tree of primates
10  cards
1.6.2 Human Evolution: The Family Tree
Characteristics of the primate,
Note,
Around 55 million years ago prima...
12  cards
1.6.3 Human Evolution: The Fossil Record
Note,
Ramapithecus,
Lucy is a well known fossil that ...
7  cards
1.7.1 Evidence for Evolution: Biochemical Similarities
Review,
Note,
How much dna is used to make prot...
10  cards
1.7.2 Evidence for Evolution: Vestigial Structures
Vestigial structures,
Ancestors of whales,
Ancestors of snakes
11  cards
1.7.3 Homologous Structures
Homologous structures,
Analogous structures,
Convergent evolution
9  cards
1.8.1 Species Concepts
Species,
Members of population,
Biogeography
8  cards
1.8.2 Speciation
Speciation,
Adaptive radiation,
Geographical isolation
13  cards
1.8.3 Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation
Two categories of reproductive is...,
Prezygotic isolation,
Postzygotic isolation
14  cards
1.8.4 Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation
Postzygotic isolation,
Note,
Hybrid viability
10  cards
1.9.1 Artificial Selection in Action
Artificial selection,
Natural selection,
Antibiotic resistance
8  cards
1.9.2 Natural Selection in Action
Natural selection,
Selective pressures,
During the industrial revolution ...
8  cards
1.10.1 History of Life: The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Overview
Theory,
Hypothesis,
Heterotroph hypothesis
12  cards
1.10.2 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Introduction
Studies of primitive earth,
Alexander oparin and j b s haldane,
Biotic
12  cards
1.10.3 The Origin of Life: Life from Nonlife
Sydney fox,
Miller and urey,
Primitive earth
12  cards
1.10.4 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: Protobionts
Protobionts,
Heterotroph,
Coacervates
12  cards
1.10.5 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: The First Genetic Material
What is necessary to form life,
Polymer,
Central dogma of biology
14  cards
1.10.6 The Origin of Life: The Rest of the Story
Rna,
Which of the following statements...,
In a step towards more complicate...
6  cards
1.11.1 The Linnaean System
Linnaean classification system,
Classification,
In 1969 the five kingdom system w...
9  cards
1.11.2 The Linnaean System: Still Changing
Note,
The move towards a three domain s...,
True or false archaeans share a m...
6  cards
2.1.1 Atomic Structure: SPONCH and the Atom
Sponch,
Atom,
Atomic number
13  cards
2.1.2 Electrons, Orbitals, and Electron Shells
Orbitals,
Wolfe s seven rules of chemistry,
Valence shell
14  cards
2.1.3 Ions, Ionization, and Isotopes
Ion,
Ionization,
Isotopes
17  cards
2.1.4 Isotopes: Unraveling Photosynthesis
Isotopes,
Note,
Photosynthesis
9  cards
2.2.1 Bonding and Electronegativity
Note,
An atom has three key characteristic,
Electronegativity
11  cards
2.2.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Electrostatics,
Ionic and covalent bonds,
Note
9  cards
2.2.3 Polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals Interactions
Polar covalent bonds,
Hydrogen bonds,
Van der waals interactions
14  cards
2.3.1 Water: Hydrogen Bonding, Solubility, and Specific Heat
Water,
Solubility,
Hydrogen bonds
10  cards
2.3.2 Water: Adhesion, Cohesion, and a Solid That Floats
Note,
Adhesion,
Cohesion
12  cards
2.3.3 Water: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substance
Hydrophobic,
Hydrophilic,
Detergent
12  cards
2.3.4 Dissociation of Water and the pH Scale
Water,
Ph,
Acid
14  cards
2.3.5 Hemoglobin as a Buffer
Buffer,
Hemogloblin,
Hydronium ion h30
7  cards
2.4.1 Carbon Chemistry and Isomers
Organic chemistry,
Carbon,
Structural isomers
11  cards
2.4.2 Functional Side Groups
Functional side groups,
Hydroxyl group,
Carbonyl group
13  cards
2.5.1 Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates,
Monosaccharides,
Note
11  cards
2.5.2 Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis: Disaccharides
Disaccharides,
Hydrolysis,
Monomer
12  cards
2.5.3 Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Molecules
Polysaccharides,
Note,
Amylose
11  cards
2.5.4 Polysaccharides: Structural Molecules
Cellulose,
Note,
Hemicellulose and pectin
10  cards
2.6.1 Lipids: An Introduction
Lipids,
Note,
Triglyceride
14  cards
2.6.2 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Triglycerides,
Saturated fatty acids,
Unsaturated fatty acids
10  cards
2.6.3 Phospholipids, Waxes, and Steroids
Phospholipids,
Waxes,
Steroids
10  cards
2.6.4 Nucleic Acids: An Introduction to Genetic Material
Nucleic acids,
Nucleotides,
Dna
11  cards
2.7.1 Proteins: Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond
Proteins,
Amino acids,
Peptide bond
10  cards
2.7.2 Amino Acids: The R Groups
Note,
Charged amino acids,
Polar amino acids
8  cards
2.7.3 Primary and Secondary Structure
Primary structure,
Secondary structure,
Note
12  cards
2.7.4 Tertiary Structure
Tertiary structure,
Note,
Hydrophobic interactions
13  cards
2.7.5 Quaternary Structure
Quaternary structure,
Protein confirmation,
Mutation
8  cards
2.7.6 Protein Structure: A Summary
Confirmation,
Four levels of protein structure,
Primary
12  cards
2.8.1 Bioenergetics: The Laws of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics,
Second law of thermodynamics,
G h ts
15  cards
2.8.2 Activation Energy
Activation energy ea,
Enzymes,
Enzyme catalyzed reaction
8  cards
2.8.3 Enzyme Characteristics
Enzymes,
If an enzyme that breaks down car...,
In general enzymes
11  cards
2.9.1 Enzyme Action: The Induced-Fit Model
Catalysts,
Induced fit model,
The mechanism for enzymatic actio...
11  cards
2.9.2 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Regulation
Allosteric regulation,
Activators,
Inhibitors
10  cards
2.9.3 Feedback Inhibition and Cooperativity
Feedback inhibition,
Cooperativity,
Feedback inhibition or negative f...
6  cards
3.1.1 The History of Cytology
Cell theory,
Note,
Robert hooke
12  cards
3.1.2 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Note,
Prokaryotic cells,
Eukaryotic cells
8  cards
3.1.3 Plant and Animal Cell Overview: The Basics
Both plant and animal cells which...,
Plasma membrane,
Compartmentalization
9  cards
3.1.4 Membranes: Basic Structure
Note,
Fluid mosaic model,
Phospholipid
10  cards
3.1.5 The Nuclear Envelope: The Initial Tour
Central dogma,
In living organisms structure and...,
Note
8  cards
3.1.6 Nuclear Function: Who's in Charge?
Note,
Review,
Chromatin
8  cards
3.2.1 Cellular Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum,
Rough endoplasmic reticulum,
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10  cards
3.2.2 Cell Function: Golgi Apparatus
Review,
The golgi apparatus acts as the p...,
Golgi apparatus
12  cards
3.2.3 Food Vacuole Formation: The Role of the Lysosome
Lysosomes,
Cells use lysosomes to break down...,
Phagocytosis
9  cards
3.2.4 Still More Vacuoles and Peroxisomes
Vacuoles,
Water vacuoles central vacuoles,
Contractile vacuoles
13  cards
3.2.5 Mitochondria: Welcome Guests
Review,
Chloroplasts and the mitochondria,
Lynn margulis
11  cards
3.2.6 The Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Review,
Phagocytosis,
Endocytosis
10  cards
3.3.1 The Cytoskeleton: Basic Components
Cytoskeleton,
Microfilaments,
Intermediate filaments
10  cards
3.3.2 Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia
Centriole,
Flagella and cilia,
Protein motor molecules
10  cards
3.3.3 Cell Walls
Review,
Basal body,
Cell wall
9  cards
3.4.1 Plasma Membrane: The Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular matrix,
Glycoproteins,
Proteoglycans
10  cards
3.4.2 The Plasma Membrane: The Fluid-Mosaic Model
Plasma membrane,
Review,
Selective permeability
9  cards
3.4.3 Proteins as the Mosaic of the Cell Membrane
Note,
Golgi apparatus,
Integral proteins
11  cards
3.4.4 Animal Cell Junctions
Cell junctions,
Tight junctions,
Desmosomes
9  cards
3.5.1 Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion,
Facilitated diffusion,
Which of the following are not mo...
7  cards
3.5.2 Passive Transport: Osmosis
Osmosis,
Solute,
Isotonic
8  cards
3.5.3 Active Transport: Ion Pumps and Cotransport
Active transport,
Ion pumps,
Cotransport
8  cards
3.5.4 Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump
Nerve cells neurons,
Sodium potassium pump,
Atp
10  cards
3.5.5 Energy-Requiring Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Exocytosis,
Endocytosis,
Phagocytosis
12  cards
3.6.1 Tools of the Cytologist: Light and Fluorescent Microscopy
Light microscope,
Fluorescent microscope,
Condenser lens
12  cards
3.6.2 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes
Review,
Scanning and transmission electro...,
Electron microscopes
10  cards
3.6.3 Freeze Fracture and Differential Centrifugation
Freeze fracturing,
Differential centrifugation,
When a lipid bilayer is subjected...
7  cards
3.7.1 Major Modes of Nutrition Among Organisms
Autotrophs,
Heterotrophs,
Photoautotrophs
11  cards
4.1.1 ATP Structure and Function
Atp adenosine triphosphate,
High energy bond,
The third phosphate bond is calle...
10  cards
4.1.2 Phosphorylated Intermediates
Atp,
Phosphorylated intermediates,
Note
8  cards
4.1.3 Respiration: An Overview
Atp,
Respiration,
Glycolysis
9  cards
4.1.4 Redox: A Brief Review
Redox reactions,
Oxidation,
Redox reaction
11  cards
4.1.5 Energy Release from Sugar: A Demo
Sulfuric acid sugar kclo3,
The breakdown of sugar is a n ___...,
In order to prevent combustion in...
5  cards
4.1.6 Coenzymes: The Role of NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide...,
Dehydrogenase enzymes,
Nad is a modified _____________
8  cards
4.2.1 Glycolysis: The Initial Steps: Energy Input
Glycolysis,
Glycolysis the energy investment,
The role of hexokinase in the fir...
9  cards
4.2.2 Glycolysis: The Energy Payoff
Review,
The energy payoff phase of glycol...,
Substrate level phosphorylation
11  cards
4.2.3 Anaerobic Respiration: The Fermentation of Pyruvate
Review,
Fermentation,
Alcohol fermentation
14  cards
4.3.1 Aerobic Respiration: The Acetyl CoA Step
Pyruvate,
Aerobic respiration,
Note
10  cards
4.3.2 Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle
Review,
Krebs cycle,
The krebs cycle
9  cards
4.3.3 Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
The net energy output for one glu...,
Two important electron acceptors ...,
Which statement about pyruvate is...
10  cards
4.4.1 The Electron Transport Chain
Note,
In a hypothetical electron transp...,
The _____ can generate a proton m...
7  cards
4.4.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Review of respiration,
Atp synthase,
Chemiosmosis
13  cards
4.4.3 ATP Yield from Aerobic Respiration
Note,
How many atp are produced during ...,
Products of respiration include
8  cards
4.4.4 Other Fuels in Respiration
Fats and proteins,
Note,
Triglycerides
11  cards
4.4.5 The Evolution of Glycolysis
Glycolysis,
Note,
The most widely accepted theory c...
8  cards
5.1.1 The Unraveling of Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
Experiments by van helmont joseph...,
Autotrophs,
Heterotrophs
10  cards
5.1.2 Photosynthesis: Twentieth-Century Breakthroughs
Cb van neil and ruben and kamen,
Van neil,
Ruben and kamen
9  cards
5.1.3 Photosynthesis: The Final Picture
Robin hill,
Nadp,
Arnon
9  cards
5.2.1 The Leaf: Adaptations for Photosynthesis
Upper epidermis,
Cuticle,
Mesophyll
12  cards
5.2.2 The Structure of a Chloroplast
Chloroplasts,
The fluid outside of the granum i...,
Stacks of membranous compartments...
7  cards
5.2.3 Photosynthetic Pigments
Pigments,
Photosynthetic pigments,
Chlorophyll
11  cards
5.2.4 The Nature of Light
Photoelectric effect,
Photons,
Which statement about light is in...
7  cards
5.2.5 Photoexcitation and Electron Transfer
Note,
The light harvesting antennae,
True or false electrons in the ch...
6  cards
5.3.1 The Light Reactions: An Introduction
Note,
In eukaryotic photosynthesis the ...,
Where would you expect to find th...
7  cards
5.3.2 Photosystem 1
Light harvestin antennae or photo...,
Photosystem 1,
When an electron from photosystem...
8  cards
5.3.3 Photosystem 2
Photosystem 2,
Photosystem 1,
Photolysis
10  cards
5.3.4 The Light Reactions: A Summary
Notes,
Which of these statements concern...,
Which of the following sequences ...
6  cards
5.4.1 The Calvin Cycle
Calvin cycle,
Note,
Which of these conversions in the...
8  cards
5.4.2 The Calvin Cycle: RuBP Regeneration
Note,
The reactions of the calvin cycle...,
In the calvin cycle _______ atp s...
6  cards
5.4.3 A Review of Photosynthesis
Notes,
A proton gradient is formed in bo...,
Electrons are excited and leave p...
6  cards
5.5.1 Photorespiration
Photorespiration,
Guard cells,
The calvin cycle is light indepen...
7  cards
5.5.2 C4 Plants and CAM Plants
C4 and cam plants,
C4 plants,
Cam plants
8  cards
5.5.3 The Evolution of Photosynthesis
Notes,
The waste byproduct produced by p...,
In a hypothetical scenario the fi...
6  cards
6.1.1 Molecular Genetics: The Protein vs. DNA Debate
Gregor mendel,
Note,
The four qualities of genetic mat...
11  cards
6.1.2 Continuing to Link Genes to Chemicals: Muller, Beadle, and Tatum
Note,
Muller,
Beadle and tatum s experimental work
8  cards
6.1.3 Griffith and Transformation
Note,
Frederick griffith,
Frederick griffith designed a ser...
7  cards
6.1.4 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty/Hershey and Chase: DNA Wins!
Note,
Where was the radioactive sulfur ...,
In attempting to determine the tr...
7  cards
6.1.5 Chargaff and Franklin and Wilkins: The DNA Story Begins
Note,
In analyzing the number of differ...,
Hershey and chase s work establis...
7  cards
6.2.1 Watson and Crick: The Clues
James watson and francis crick,
Linus pauling,
Note
9  cards
6.2.2 Watson and Crick: The Double Helix
Note,
Overall the structure of dna sati...,
True or false complementary nucle...
7  cards
6.3.1 Replication: Meselson and Stahl
The four functions of dna as the ...,
Mathew meselson and franklin stahl,
Note
11  cards
6.3.2 DNA: Polymerization with Triphosphate Nucleotides
Note,
The newly synthesized dna strand ...,
True or false the only triphospha...
8  cards
6.4.1 Events at the Replication Fork: The Leading Strand
Note,
Dna replication,
The overall events by which both ...
10  cards
6.4.2 Events at the Leading Strand, Part II
Replication bubble,
Note,
True or false rna primer is an en...
7  cards
6.4.3 Events at the Replication Fork: The Lagging Strand
Note,
Reiji okazaki,
Which of the following is not tru...
8  cards
6.4.4 Proofreading, End Replication, and Telomeres
Note,
Question how can a cell afford to...,
The accuracy of dna replication i...
8  cards
6.4.5 DNA Replication: A Summary
Review note,
True or false the leading strand ...,
During dna replication a new stra...
12  cards
6.5.1 Transcription and Translation: An Overview
Note,
The term s transcriptionand trans...,
A ____________ is three bases on ...
8  cards
6.5.2 Transcription: RNA Formation from the DNA Template
Ribonucleic acid rna,
Transcription,
What is the transcription unit
10  cards
6.5.3 Transcription: Termination and RNA Protection
Terminator sequence,
Note,
Rna processing
10  cards
6.5.4 Posttranscriptional Modification/RNA Splicing
Note,
Posttranscriptional modification,
Review
10  cards
6.6.1 Translation: Ribosomal and Transfer RNA
Translation,
Transfer rna trna,
Ribosome
10  cards
6.6.2 The Role of Transfer RNA: Charging a tRNA Molecule
Note,
The process by which amino acyl t...,
How does an amino acid get bound ...
7  cards
6.6.3 Translation: Initiation Events
Marshall nirenberg,
Codon,
Translation is divided into three...
12  cards
6.6.4 Translation/Elongation: The Initiation of Elongation
Note,
Codon recognition,
Peptide bond formation
8  cards
6.6.5 Elongation Continued and Termination
Note,
Termination,
Peptide bonds
8  cards
6.7.1 Polypeptide Destinations: Signal Peptides and ER Ribosomes
Note,
Polyribosome,
Signal peptides
8  cards
6.7.2 Protein Synthesis: An Overview
Note,
The events of translation result ...,
The events of translation result ...
10  cards
6.8.1 Control Mechanisms: Lactose Metabolism in E. coli
Note,
In the presence of lactose e coli...,
True or false e coli bacteria are...
11  cards
6.8.2 Jacob and Monod's Model: The lac Operon
Note,
The ___________ gene codes for th...,
An operon is the same as
10  cards
6.8.3 lac Operon: The Summary
Operon,
Note,
The lac operon has a strategic de...
10  cards
6.9.1 The Eukaryotic Genome: DNA Packing
Note,
Chromosome,
Nucleosome
8  cards
6.9.2 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Repetitive DNA
Note,
Tandemly repetitive dna,
Interspersed repetitive dna
9  cards
6.9.3 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Gene Families
Note,
Gene families,
Illustration of the gene family f...
8  cards
6.9.4 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Transposons and Amplified Genes
Gene families,
Pseudogenes,
Gene amplification
10  cards
6.10.1 Eukaryotic Gene Control: Transcriptional Controls
Gene,
Note,
Enhancers
14  cards
6.10.2 Eukaryotic Control Mechanisms: Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Controls
Note,
Gene expression can also be contr...,
Post transcription control
11  cards
6.10.3 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Protein-Making Machinery
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have m...,
Note,
Translation of eukaryotic mrna oc...
7  cards
7.1.1 Biotechnology: Plasmids in Prokaryotes
Biotechnology,
Plasmids,
Plasmids can code for the following
8  cards
7.1.2 Using a Restriction Enzyme to Create a Vector
Note,
Restriction enzymes,
Ecor1
8  cards
7.1.3 Biotechnology: Gene Cloning
Gene cloning,
Note,
In order for a particular restric...
7  cards
7.1.4 Biotechnology: Detection of Cell Clones
Note,
Dna probe,
Place the following steps for gen...
7  cards
7.2.1 Biotechnology: Reverse Transcriptase: A Tool Taken from Viruses
Reverse transcriptase,
Retroviruses,
Hiv human immunodeficiency virus
7  cards
7.2.2 Using Reverse Transcriptase to Make cDNA
Note,
Dna microarray assay,
Cdna library
9  cards
7.2.3 Electrophoresis: Separating DNA
Electrophoresis,
The purpose of the comb in gel el...,
Two samples of the same plasmid t...
6  cards
7.2.4 Sequencing DNA: The Sanger Method
Sanger method for dna sequencing,
Dideoxyribonucleotides,
Note
8  cards
7.3.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms: Genetic Markers
Restriction fragment length polym...,
The technology used to detect rfl...,
Restriction fragment length polym...
5  cards
7.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Amplification
During pcr dna is denatured by __...,
If pcr was started with a single ...,
Which of the following is not tru...
5  cards
7.3.3 DNA Fingerprinting
Tandem repeats,
Variable number tandem repeats vntrs,
Note
8  cards
7.3.4 Southern Blotting
Southern blotting,
Note,
Why can southern blotting be used...
7  cards
7.3.5 Detecting DNA Homology: A Biotechnology Summary
Note,
What is dna homology,
You are trying to determine if th...
6  cards
7.4.1 The Human Gene Pool
Human genome project,
Sanger technique,
It would take ___________________...
7  cards
7.4.2 The Human Genome Project: Recent Findings
Humans have approximately _______...,
___________________ control s whi...,
____________________ is adding dn...
6  cards
7.4.3 The Human Genome Project: Applications
Note,
The human genome project
2  cards
8.1.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Note,
Cell cycle,
Dna
9  cards
8.1.2 Mitosis: An Overview
M phase,
Mitosis,
Chromosomes
10  cards
8.1.3 Mitosis: The Phases
Note,
Phases,
The nuclear envelope fragments th...
8  cards
8.1.4 Cytokinesis
Mitosis,
Cytokinesis,
Actin microfilaments and myosin
10  cards
8.2.1 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Protein Kinases
Checkpoints,
Protein kinases,
Cyclin dependent kinases cdk
11  cards
8.2.2 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Other Mechanisms
Note,
Three signals outside of the cell...,
True or false animal cells exhibi...
8  cards
8.2.3 Cancer: When Mitosis Goes Unchecked
Cancer,
Oncogene,
Proto oncogene
9  cards
8.2.4 The ras Gene and the p53 Gene
Ras gene,
P53 gene,
The ras gene
8  cards
8.3.1 Sexual Reproduction and the Role of Meiosis
Asexual reproduction,
Sexual reproduction,
Diploid cells
12  cards
8.3.2 Homologous Chromosomes: Thanks, Mom and Dad!
Sexual reproduction,
Meiosis,
True or false homologous chromoso...
8  cards
8.3.3 Meiosis: Prophase I
Note,
Prophase i,
Chiasmata
9  cards
8.3.4 Disjunction and Meiosis II
Note,
Meiosis i ii,
Which statement regarding meiosis...
7  cards
8.3.5 Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis vs meiosis,
Mitosis vs meiosis,
In humans meiosis occurs during
7  cards
8.4.1 Independent Assortment
Independent assortment,
Note,
Which statement regarding indepen...
7  cards
8.4.2 Spermatogenesis: Meiosis in Males
Note,
Spermatogenesis,
True or false the sperm contribut...
8  cards
8.4.3 Oogenesis: Meiosis in Females
Meiosis,
Oogenesis,
True or false in female germ cell...
7  cards
9.1.1 Heredity: The Story of Gregor Mendel
Note,
Gregor mendel,
Blending inheritance
18  cards
9.1.2 Mendel's Findings: A First Look at Phenotypic Ratios
Gregor mendel,
Three generations,
Note
14  cards
9.1.3 Mendel's Conclusions: Alternate Alleles and Dominance
Note,
Law of segregation,
Review
14  cards
9.1.4 Mendel's Conclusions: Segregation and Recombination
Traits,
Note,
Law of segregation
14  cards
9.2.1 Determining Heterozygosity: Test Crosses and Back Crosses
Phenotype genotype,
Note,
Determining the genotypes of hybrids
9  cards
9.2.2 Mendelian Inheritance
The steps to determining the prob...,
Cystic fibrosis,
What are the chances that the hea...
9  cards
9.3.1 Segregation and Independent Assortment
Segregation and independent assor...,
Crosses,
Note
9  cards
9.3.2 Independent Assortment: An Explanation
Independent assortment an explana...,
Review,
Note
9  cards
9.4.1 Laws of Probability: Rule of Multiplication
Mendel s laws of segregation and ...,
Note,
If a genetic condition is lethal ...
17  cards
9.4.2 The Multiplicative Law: Some Extensions
Note,
Problem in a dihybrid cross of tw...,
In the following cross aabbccdd x...
12  cards
9.4.3 Laws of Probability: The Additive Rule
Note,
If you have three fair dice what ...,
Two black dogs were mated and pro...
21  cards
9.4.4 Using the Laws of Probability in Dihybrid Crosses
Note,
If an individual has the genotype...,
Seed color and pod shape were two...
18  cards
9.5.1 What Is a Dominant Gene? Intermediate Inheritance
To understand the mendelian conce...,
Review,
Intermediate inheritance
15  cards
9.5.2 Codominance and Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood Genes
Note,
What is a possible genotype of a ...,
A man who has a genotype of i ai ...
13  cards
9.5.3 ABO Blood Groups: Inheritance Patterns and Pedigree Charts
Review,
Note,
Pedigree charts
14  cards
9.6.1 Epistasis: One Gene Affecting Another
Epistasis,
Note,
Which of the following statements...
17  cards
9.6.2 The Bombay Phenotype: Infidelity or Epistasis?
Note,
Which of the following is used to...,
The bombay phenotype is represent...
15  cards
9.7.1 Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic inheritance,
Note,
What occurs when two or more gene...
9  cards
9.7.2 Pleiotropy: Multiple Phenotypic Effects
Peiotropy,
Note,
Sickle cell anemia
11  cards
9.7.3 Sickle Cell Anemia: The Case against Dominant and Recessive
Note,
Which statement best describes ov...,
Why can the sickle cell allele an...
7  cards
9.8.1 Linked Genes
Linked genes,
Which one of the following repres...,
How do we know that there must be...
16  cards
9.8.2 Crossing Over and Recombination: A Tool for Mapping Genes
Crossing over and recombination,
Note,
Expected outcome if the genes are...
19  cards
9.8.3 Gene Mapping Using Recombination Frequencies
Note,
Crosses involving linked genes sh...,
If a gray bodied and normal winge...
6  cards
9.8.4 Linking Genes to Chromosomes: The Work of Morgan
Work of morgan,
Note,
How did walter sutton s work perf...
8  cards
9.8.5 Morgan's Conclusions
Note,
With regard to the sex linked tra...,
Which one of the following statem...
15  cards
9.9.1 Sex-Linked Traits in Humans
Sex linked traits in humans,
In the human population the disor...,
Which of the following is not inh...
8  cards
9.9.2 X Inactivation in Humans
Note,
Mary lyon,
Quantitative enzyme studies
10  cards
9.9.3 The Use of Pedigree Charts to Determine Possible Genotypes
Pedigree charts to determine poss...,
Note,
Which statement best describes th...
8  cards
9.9.4 Pedigree Chart: Problem Review
Pedigree charts to determine poss...,
Note,
In sheep the genes responsible fo...
8  cards
9.10.1 Problems in Heredity
Problems in heredity,
Karyotyping,
Monsomy
11  cards
9.10.2 Problems in Heredity: Chromosomal Aberrations
Note,
What is a likely cause of a dupli...,
Two types of crossover mistakes t...
8  cards
9.10.3 Translocations: 14/21 Downs
Note,
Down syndrome,
What is the difference between cr...
9  cards
9.11.1 Genetic Mutation
Note,
An example of a type of genetic m...,
How can some point mutations in c...
8  cards
9.11.2 Genetic Mutation: Different Forms of Point Mutations
A base pair substitution can lead...,
Phenylketonuria,
Note
10  cards
9.11.3 Genetic Mutation: Insertion and Deletion
Note,
Is a mutation in which three base...,
True or false nonsense and frames...
7  cards
9.11.4 Genetic Screening
Note,
All of the following are advantag...,
Which of the following is not tru...
8  cards
10.1.1 Population Genetics: Darwin Meets Mendel
Darwin meets mendel,
Evolution,
Note
13  cards
10.1.2 An Introduction to Hardy-Weinberg Theory
Hardy weinberg theory,
Udney yule,
Godfrey hardy
14  cards
10.1.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Hardy weinberg equation,
Which of the following pieces of ...,
Which of the following is equal t...
7  cards
10.1.4 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory
Using hardy weinberg theory,
Sickle cell anemia is a heritable...,
A study on eye color was performe...
7  cards
10.1.5 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory II
Hardy weinberg theory ii,
One out of 10 000 babies in the u...,
If one out of 10 000 babies in th...
7  cards
10.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg: What Does This Have to Do with Evolution?
The five criteria for maintaining...,
Note,
Microevolution
10  cards
10.2.1 Microevolution by Genetic Drift
Microevolution by genetic drift,
Which of the following is an exam...,
Under which condition would you e...
7  cards
10.2.2 Microevolution: Continued
Review,
Genetic drift,
Gene flow
11  cards
10.3.1 Variations Within and Between Populations
Variations,
Note,
Which of the following is not an ...
8  cards
10.3.2 Modes of Selection
Modes of selection,
Stabilizing selection,
Directional selection
12  cards
10.3.3 The Perfect Organism
There are four reasons natural se...,
Note,
1 evolution is based on history
12  cards
10.4.1 Speciation: What Is a Species?
Species,
Question what is a species,
Biological species concept
13  cards
10.4.2 Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric speciation,
Some geographical disturbances th...,
Founder effect
12  cards
10.4.3 Sympatric Speciation
Sympatric speciation,
Review,
Question does geographic isolatio...
13  cards
10.5.1 Time Frame for Evolution: Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium,
Gradualism,
Punctuated equilibrium
10  cards
11.1.1 Classifying the Products of Evolution: Taxonomy
Classifying the products of evolu...,
Systematics,
Taxonomy
11  cards
11.1.2 Building a Cladogram
Building a cladogram,
Contrsucting a cladogram,
Note
9  cards
11.1.3 Molecular Methods for Classifying Organisms
Molecular methods for classifying...,
Note,
Molecular clock
9  cards
11.1.4 A Phylogenetic Tree of Organisms: A Three-Domain System
A phylogenetic tree of organisms ...,
True or false both archaeans and ...,
After mrna is edited the ends are...
7  cards
11.2.1 The Archaea
Archaea,
Note,
Which of the following does not b...
8  cards
11.3.1 The Bacteria
The bacteria,
Note,
Proteobacteria
13  cards
11.4.1 Protists: Archaezoa and Euglenozoa
Protists archaezoa and euglenozoa,
Note,
Organisms that are mixotrophic
8  cards
11.4.2 Protists: Alveolata and Stramenopila
Protists alveolata and stramenopila,
Note,
Which of the following is not a m...
8  cards
11.5.1 Plant Phylogeny: The Colonization of Land
Plant phylogeny the colonization ...,
Plant ancestors developed several...,
Plants and charophytes in contras...
9  cards
11.5.2 Plant Phylogeny and Alternation of Generations
Plant phylogeny and alternation o...,
Bryophytes,
Seedless vascular plants
12  cards
11.6.1 Alternation of Generations: Mosses
Alternation of generations mosses,
Note,
The archegonium is the structure ...
8  cards
11.6.2 Alternation of Generations: Ferns
Alternation of generations ferns,
Note,
In ferns spores directly give ris...
8  cards
11.6.3 Alternation of Generations: Gymnosperms
Alternation of generations gymnos...,
Note,
Conifers are
8  cards
11.7.1 Alternation of Generations: The Structure of a Flower
Alternation of generations the st...,
Note,
Which is the entire male reproduc...
9  cards
11.7.2 Alternation of Generations: Angiosperms
Alternation of generations angios...,
Note,
True or false after the megasporo...
8  cards
11.7.3 Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Dicots and Monocots
Embryogenesis in angiosperms dico...,
Note,
True or false monocots have flowe...
8  cards
11.8.1 Introduction to the Fungi
Introduction to the fungi,
Note,
Masses of ___________________ are...
8  cards
11.8.2 Diversity of Fungi
Diversity of fungi,
Note,
____________________ are fungi th...
8  cards
11.9.1 Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree of Animals: Animal Development
Constructing a phylogenetic tree ...,
Note,
Cephalization leads to the develo...
9  cards
11.9.2 Developmental Data for the Phylogenetic Tree of Animals
Developmental data for the phylog...,
Note,
An organism with two layers of ge...
9  cards
11.9.3 The Formation of Body Cavities
The formation of body cavities,
Note,
A coelom is
7  cards
11.9.4 Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Protostomes and deuterostomes,
Note,
For animals that have it spiral c...
12  cards
11.9.5 Animal Diversity: The Cambrian Explosion and the Move to Land
Animal diversity the cambrian exp...,
Note,
Almost all animal phyla alive tod...
12  cards
11.10.1 Introduction to Animals: Parazoa and Radiata
Introduction to animals parazoa a...,
Note,
True or false sponges differ from...
8  cards
11.10.2 Animals: Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates
Animals acoelomates pseudocoeloma...,
Note,
The name rotifer translates as
8  cards
11.10.3 Diversity of Protostome Species
Diversity of protostome species,
Note,
All but which of the following ar...
7  cards
11.11.1 Diversity of Deuterostome Species
Diversity of deuterostome species,
Note,
True or false humans are deuteros...
8  cards
11.11.2 Diversity of Vertebrate Species
Diversity of vertebrate species,
Note,
Which of the following is an exam...
8  cards
11.12.1 Animal Development: A Close-up Look at Fertilization Events
Animal development a close up loo...,
Note,
Polyspermy prevention
11  cards
11.12.2 Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Organogenesis: A Closer Look
Cleavage gastrulation and organog...,
Note,
Organogenesis
10  cards
11.12.3 Events of Gastrulation and Organogenesis
Events of gastrulation and organo...,
Review of the events following fe...,
Note
15  cards
11.13.1 Pattern Formation in Drosophila
Pattern formation in drosophila,
Note,
Note 2
9  cards
11.13.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila, continued
Pattern formation in drosophila c...,
Note,
Gap genes
11  cards
11.14.1 Viruses and Prions: Living or Nonliving?
Viruses and prions living or nonl...,
Note,
Lytic cycle
10  cards
12.1.1 Animal Homeostasis
Animal homeostasis,
Countercurrent exchange system,
Endothermic
8  cards
12.1.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
Mechanisms of homeostasis,
Positive feedback mechanism,
Negative feedback
10  cards
12.1.3 Animal Tissues: Epithelial Tissue
Animal tissues epithelial tissue,
Epithelial tissue,
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
15  cards
12.1.4 Animal Tissues: Loose Connective Tissue
Animal tissues loose connective t...,
Loose connective tissue,
Ground substance
10  cards
12.1.5 Animal Tissues: Dense, Fluid, and Supportive Connective Tissue
Animal tissues dense fluid and su...,
Dense regular connective tissue i...,
Dense irregular connective tissue
12  cards
12.1.6 Animal Tissue: Muscle and Nerve Tissue
Animal tissue muscle and nerve ti...,
Muscles,
Skeletal muscles
14  cards
12.2.1 The Structure of Bone
The structure of bone,
Note,
Note 2
3  cards
12.3.1 Introduction to the Digestive System
Introduction to the digestive system,
Ingestion,
For humans digestion begins in th...
9  cards
12.3.2 The Beginning of Chemical Digestion
The beginning of chemical digestion,
Mouth,
Stomach
11  cards
12.3.3 Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Chemical digestion in the small i...,
Stomach,
Acessory organs
14  cards
12.3.4 Human Nutrition: Absorption
Human nutrition absorption,
Villi,
Lacetal and chylomicrons
12  cards
12.3.5 The Fate of Absorbed Nutrients
The fate of absorbed nutrients,
Absorptive state,
Postabsorptive state
4  cards
12.3.6 Egestion
Egestion,
Large intestine,
Digestive system
13  cards
12.4.1 Introduction to the Gas Exchange of Animals
Introduction to the gas exchange ...,
Note,
Parapodia
10  cards
12.4.2 Human Gas Exchange System
Human gas exchange system,
Air enters,
Alveoli
12  cards
12.4.3 Human Gas Exchange: The Roles of Respiratory Pigments
Human gas exchange the roles of r...,
Respiratory pigments,
Partial pressure
13  cards
12.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon dioxide transport,
Carbonic acid,
Bicarbonate ions
12  cards
12.4.5 Structure of the Human Heart
Structure of the human heart,
Circulatory system blood flow,
Right side of heart
11  cards
12.5.1 Maintaining the Human Heartbeat
Maintaining the human heartbeat,
Sinoatrial node,
Atria
11  cards
12.5.2 Human Circulation: Blood Vessels
Human circulation blood vessels,
Arteries,
Capillaries
12  cards
12.6.1 Human Circulation: Blood Pressure
Human circulation blood pressure,
Sphygmomanometer,
Note
10  cards
12.6.2 Blood Clotting
Blood clotting,
Blood,
Blood is a suspension of solids w...
10  cards
12.7.1 Human Excretion: Waste Processing
Human excretion waste processing,
Homeostasis,
Skin
12  cards
12.7.2 Human Excretion: Urinary System Structure
Human excretion urinary system st...,
Excretory system,
Kidney
12  cards
12.7.3 The Nephron: Blood Filtration and Urine Production
The nephron blood filtration and ...,
Nephron,
Loop of henle
12  cards
12.8.1 The Immune Response: Nonspecific Defenses
The immune response nonspecific d...,
First line of defense,
Second line of defense
12  cards
12.8.2 The Immune System: Structure and Function
The immune system structure and f...,
Lymphatic system,
Lymph nodes
11  cards
12.8.3 Immunity: Clonal Selection Theory
Immunity clonal selection theory,
Lymphocytes,
Clonal selection
11  cards
12.8.4 Immune Response: An Overview
Immune response an overview,
Class i ii mhc molecules,
Note
11  cards
12.8.5 T Cells: Helper T Activation
T cells helper t activation,
Humoral response,
Cell mediated response
12  cards
12.8.6 T Cells: Helper and Cytotoxic T Cell Effects
T cells helper and cytotoxic t ce...,
Note,
True or false all immature b cell...
8  cards
12.9.1 B Cells: The Humoral Response
B cells the humoral response,
Humoral response,
Antobodies
10  cards
12.9.2 Antibodies and DNA Rearrangement
Antibodies and dna rearrangement,
Note,
The site on an antibody where an ...
7  cards
12.9.3 Antibody Mechanisms
Antibody mechanisms,
Antibodies,
Neutralization
12  cards
12.10.1 HIV: An Attack on the Immune System
Hiv an attack on the immune system,
Hiv,
Note
11  cards
12.11.1 Human Regulation: Endocrine Control and Signal-Transduction Pathways
Human regulation endocrine contro...,
Endocrine system,
Steroid hormones differ from othe...
23  cards
12.11.2 The Endocrine System
The endocrine system,
Endocrine system,
Adrenal and endocrine glands
20  cards
12.11.3 Endocrine Function: Oscillations in Hormone Levels
Endocrine function oscillations i...,
Note,
Immediately after a meal ________...
9  cards
12.12.1 The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles: Preparation for Pregnancy
The ovarian and uterine cycles pr...,
Note,
By convention when refering to th...
8  cards
12.12.2 Hormonal Events during the Female Reproductive Cycle
Hormonal events during the female...,
Uterine cycle,
Corpus luteum
10  cards
12.13.1 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuron
The central and peripheral nervou...,
Major components of nervous system,
Neuron
10  cards
12.13.2 Human Regulation: Nervous System: Nerve Function and Reflexes
Human regulation nervous system n...,
Sensory and motor neuron,
Which of the following is not tru...
8  cards
12.14.1 Human Regulation: The Nerve Impulse: General Events
Human regulation the nerve impuls...,
Note,
Membrane potential
9  cards
12.14.2 Human Regulation: The Nervous System and the Action Potential
Human regulation the nervous syst...,
Action potential,
Depolarization is caused by
8  cards
12.14.3 Human Regulation: Synaptic Events: Cell-Cell Communication
Human regulation synaptic events ...,
Synapse,
Presynaptic terminal
10  cards
12.14.4 The Nervous System: A Phylogenetic Perspective
The nervous system a phylogenetic...,
Note,
Cnidarians
9  cards
12.14.5 The Human Brain
The human brain,
Central nervous system,
Brain stem
10  cards
12.14.6 Processing Centers of the Human Brain
Processing centers of the human b...,
Cerebellum,
Cerebrum
9  cards
12.15.1 Motor Control: Muscle Microstructure
Motor control muscle microstructure,
Skeletal muscle,
Sarcomere
10  cards
12.15.2 The Neuromuscular Junction: The Contraction Is Triggered
The neuromuscular junction the co...,
Note,
__________ are extensions of the ...
8  cards
12.15.3 The Sliding Filament: Interaction of ATP, Actin, Myosin, and Calcium
The sliding filament interaction ...,
Review,
Note
9  cards
12.15.4 Muscle Structure and Action
Muscle structure and action,
Muscle,
Skeletal muscle
4  cards
12.16.1 Sensory Systems: An Introduction
Sensory systems an introduction,
Thermoreception,
Mechanoreceptors
12  cards
12.16.2 Photoreceptors and the Vertebrate Eye
Photoreceptors and the vertebrate...,
The euglena,
Eyes
9  cards
12.16.3 The Ear and Equilibrium
The ear and equilibrium,
Lateral line,
Statocyst
11  cards
12.16.4 The Ear and Hearing
The ear and hearing,
Note,
Soundwaves are transformed into a...
7  cards
13.1.1 Plant Development: Germination
Plant development germination,
Germination,
Hypocotyl
12  cards
13.1.2 Plant Development: Cell Structure and Function
Plant development cell structure ...,
Meristems,
Ground tissue
11  cards
13.1.3 Primary Growth: Root Growth and Development
Primary growth root growth and de...,
Primary meristems zone of cell di...,
Monocot
11  cards
13.1.4 Primary Growth: Stem Growth and Development
Primary growth stem growth and de...,
Note,
Shoots lengthen through activity ...
8  cards
13.1.5 Secondary Growth: Lateral Meristems and Secondary Vascular Tissue
Secondary growth lateral meristem...,
Pericycle,
Vascular cambium
10  cards
13.2.1 Regulation in Plants
Regulation in plants,
Phototropism and coleoptile,
Agar
13  cards
13.2.2 Plant Hormones
Plant hormones,
Some major plant hormones,
Gibberellinsi are found in embryo...
8  cards
13.2.3 Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants
Signal transduction pathways in p...,
Signal transduction pathway and a...,
Water soluble hormones enter cell...
9  cards
13.3.1 Photoperiodism in Plants: Control of Flowering
Photoperiodism in plants control ...,
Note,
Long day plant
12  cards
13.3.2 Phytochromes and the Photoperiodic Response
Phytochromes and the photoperiodi...,
Note,
Phytochromes
9  cards
13.4.1 Transport in Angiosperms: Transpiration
Transport in angiosperms transpir...,
Transpiration,
Note
9  cards
13.4.2 The Role of Xylem Tissue and Stomata
The role of xylem tissue and stomata,
Note,
Tracheids
12  cards
13.4.3 Plant Transport: Absorption and Lateral Transport in Roots
Plant transport absorption and la...,
Roots,
Note 1
10  cards
13.4.4 Phloem: The Movement of Sap
Phloem the movement of sap,
Sieve tube members and companion ...,
Symplastic and apoplastic pathway
14  cards
14.1.1 Ecological Organization: The Functional Divisions of the Ecologist
Ecological organization the funct...,
Ecology,
Biotic and abiotic factors
10  cards
14.2.1 Land Biomes: An Overview
Land biomes an overview,
Climate,
Antarctica
19  cards
14.2.2 Terrestrial Biomes: Water-Limited Environments
Terrestrial biomes water limited ...,
Deserts,
Grasslands
14  cards
14.2.3 Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic biomes,
Note,
Biomes
12  cards
14.3.1 Ecology at the Level of the Species: Behavior
Ecology at the level of the speci...,
Organismal ecology and ethology,
Fixed action patterns and depriva...
12  cards
14.3.2 Imprinting and Innate Behavior
Imprinting and innate behavior,
Note,
Konrad lorenz
11  cards
14.3.3 Nature vs. Nurture: Is There a Genetic Basis for Behaviors?
Nature vs nurture is there a gene...,
Richard dawkins,
Note
10  cards
14.4.1 Competitive Behaviors and Survivability
Competitive behaviors and surviva...,
Note,
Agonistic behaviors
12  cards
14.4.2 Courtship and Mating Behaviors: Survivability
Courtship and mating behaviors su...,
Sexual selection,
Courtship rituals
12  cards
14.5.1 Population Ecology: Populations with Unlimited Resources
Population ecology populations wi...,
Population ecology,
Annual plants
9  cards
14.5.2 Population Ecology: The Reality of Limited Resources
Population ecology the reality of...,
Exponential growth model,
Logistic growth model
9  cards
14.5.3 Population Ecology: Population Strategy: r vs. K
Population ecology population str...,
Logistic population growth model,
R strategists have a __________ d...
8  cards
14.5.4 Population Ecology: Intraspecific Competition
Population ecology intraspecific ...,
Note,
Intraspecific competition
11  cards
14.6.1 Community Ecology: Interspecific Interaction: Predation
Community ecology interspecific i...,
Community ecology,
Note
10  cards
14.6.2 Interspecific Competition: Ecological Niches
Interspecific competition ecologi...,
Predation,
Competitive exclusion
10  cards
14.6.3 Interspecific Associations: Symbiosis
Interspecific associations symbiosis,
Interspecific interavtion,
Mutualism
10  cards
14.7.1 Community Disturbance: Succession
Community disturbance succession,
Ecological succession and facilit...,
Primary succession
10  cards
14.7.2 Secondary Succession
Secondary succession,
Secondary succession,
Note
9  cards
14.8.1 The Decline in Species Diversity and the Current Mass Extinction
The decline in species diversity ...,
Species diversity,
Mass extinction
8  cards
14.9.1 Ecosystems: A Flow of Energy
Ecosystems a flow of energy,
Note,
Two major ecosystem level processes
11  cards
14.9.2 Ecosystems: Productivity and Energy Flow
Ecosystems productivity and energ...,
Note,
Primary producers
11  cards
14.9.3 Productivity Pyramids: Visualizing Energy Flows
Productivity pyramids visualizing...,
Question where do you think the h...,
Note
9  cards
14.9.4 Productivity Pyramids: Pyramid of Numbers
Productivity pyramids pyramid of ...,
Note,
Note 2
8  cards
14.10.1 Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Water, Carbon, and Sulfur
Ecosystems and material cycles wa...,
Ecosystem,
Carbon cycle
8  cards
14.10.2 Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles
Ecosystems and material cycles ni...,
Note,
Nitrogen cycle
12  cards
14.11.1 The Effects of Human Population Growth: Lake Eutrophication
The effects of human population g...,
Carrying capacity,
Eutrophication
12  cards
14.11.2 Toxic Accumulation and Ozone Depletion
Toxic accumulation and ozone depl...,
Note,
Biological magnification
12  cards

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