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biochemistry

This class was created by Brainscape user Vincent Yip. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Vincent Yip
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Decks in this class (10)

0218 Carbohydrate Metabolism
 Glucose is a member of a pool of metabolites  This pool has a number of cellular roles  Glucose may be shunted to energy production, provision of intermediates or simply stored  Plasma levels are low and under strict control  Cellular uptake (GLUT) is a key regulatory mechanism  Glucose is trapped in cells by gluco/hexo-kinase  Glucose storage is into glycogen  Glycogen formation and breakdown is tightly regulated  Glycolysis produces energy in the cytoplasm  Glycol
24  cards
0218 Lipid metabolism
Two classes of lipid – acyl and sterol Complex acyl-lipids start with glycerol Lipids require specialised transport processes (lipoprotein or albumin) Exogenous pathways delivers dietary lipids Endogenous pathway distributes synthesised lipids Fatty acid mobilised by lipase at adipose tissue Fatty acids activated using CoASH Transport into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle system β-oxidation “strips” 2-carbons per round β-oxidation generates considerable amounts of
17  cards
0221 Protein degradation and disposal of nitrogen
Protein digestion & intake Nitrogen balance in the body Amino acid inter-conversion Amino acid deamination Fate of nitrogen – urea cycle Fate of carbon skeleton; gluco-/keto-genesis Role of the liver in amino acid metabolism Role of the kidney in amino acid metabolism & pH regulation
22  cards
0224 Synthesis and use of ketones and cholesterol
 What are ketone bodies and when are they used  How are ketone bodies synthesised  What is cholesterol  Synthesis of cholesterol  Regulation of cholesterol synthesis  Uses of cholesterol & its derivatives
19  cards
0211 Introduction to Biochemistry
 What is biochemistry?  The levels & players in biochemistry  Signals & responses in biochemistry  Key molecular species – nucleotides, proteins, fats & carbohydrates  What is metabolism?  Pathways of metabolism & their constituents  Major metabolic pathways  Cell types & roles  Examples of biochemical importance
13  cards
0212 Concept of metabolism and key molecular players
 Metabolic pathways convert cellular compounds  Catabolism is the breakdown of macromolecules  Anabolism is the synthesis of macromolecules  Cells vary in their metabolic capabilities and roles  Organelles provide specialised metabolic roles  Transporters shuttle and sequester metabolites  Enzymes catalyse biochemical reactions  Cell redox state regulates enzyme activity  Hormones regulate enzyme capacity  Hormones elicit signal transduction pathways  Phosphorylat
8  cards
0214 Generic strategies in metabolic organisation and regulation
 Metabolism comprises anabolism & catabolism  Anabolic and catabolic pathways are coupled  Futile cycles NOT desirable  Pathways and cycles are found in metabolism  Controlling enzymes controls pathways  Only key enzymes are regulated  Nutrients have multiple fates  Starting materials must face a committed step  Compartments facilitate metabolism & control fluxes
8  cards
0226 The TCA cycle
 Metabolite entry to the mitochondria is regulated  Entry to TCA cycle for catabolism is acetyl-CoA  Multiple entry points for anapleurotic reactions  TCA cycle produces NADH and FADH2 for energy production  Discrete reactions subject to regulation by energy status  Intermediates may for amino-acids, glucose and porphyrins
14  cards
0304 Making ATP substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation
 ATP contains high energy phosphate bonds  High energy cost in synthesising ATP  Substrate level phosphorylation – rapid but short-term & inefficient  Oxidative phosphorylation is efficient & O2 requiring  OxPhos occurs in the mitochondria  Reduced co-factors provide energetic electrons to the ETC  ETC passes electrons along energy gradient  Passage of electrons produces proton gradient  ATP synthase uses chemical and osmotic gradient  ADP entry into mitochondria set
13  cards
0415 Lipid and Carbohydrate metabolism: anabolic pathways
 Energy, reducing equivalents and starting materials for anabolism  Increased [citrate] promotes lipid synthesis  Formation of malonyl-CoA is regulated  FA synthase – multienzyme complex  PPP provides reduced cofactors for anabolism, anti-oxidants and ribose for nucleotides  Pyruvate, amino-acids and glycerol enter gluconeogenesis  Pool reactions identical to glycolysis  Energetic/link reactions are distinct  Regulation involves redox state and hormones
19  cards

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biochemistry

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