Mental Health 1

Outline some evidence-based psychological interventions for mental disorders Compare the delivery of psychological interventions in High Income Countries (HICs) and Low Income Countries (LMICs) by discussing: why adaptations to delivery is necessary/important, and some of the strategies to achieve such adaptations

Understand the relative contributions that the following have made to the understanding of the genetic basis of schizophrenia: linkage studies, candidate gene studies, GWAS, CNV studies, exome studies, transcriptomics

Describe the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, including the nature of the symptom domains of the illness, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, affective symptoms, neurocognitive deficits, and impaired social cognition Understand the aetiological theories of schizophrenia, considering particularly the heritable genetic component, environmental risk factors, and interactions between the two Describe the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia

Describe the dopamine theory of schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medication, particularly in relation to dopamine D2 receptor blockade Know how pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia has advanced since the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced in the mid-1950s, including the advantages and disadvantages of long-acting injection preparations Know the pharmacological and side effect profiles of the first and second generation antipsychotics Understa

List the sex differences in the epidemiology of schizophrenia Be able to distinguish organisation vs activational effects of sex hormones on the brain Describe how sex hormones might modify the presentation of schizophrenia

Define affective disorders Describe the clinical presentation of depression Describe the clinical presentation of bipolar disorder Understand the cognitive models of depression Understand the emotion information processing biases in depression, including attention, memory, and facial expression recognition Understand the interaction between emotion information processing biases and emotion regulation Understand the implications of emotion information processing biases for treatment

Define mood instability Know the clinical presentations of mood instability Describe how to measure mood instability Understand the neurocognitive models of mood instability - particularly for emotion regulation, mental imagery, and future simulation Explore the future directions of psychiatric treatment of mood instability

Describe the process of neuroinflammation Understand the problems with alcohol and alcohol dependence Describe the relationship between alcohol and neuroinflammation Describe the relationship between alcohol and Alzheimer's disease

Understand how drugs are classified in the UK and international conventions, supposedly according to harms Learn about the many different harms of drugs which contribute to overall harms See the most modern and up-to-date approach to estimating the many different harms of different drugs Explore the flaws in current policy and consider new approaches

Understand the neurobiology of food reward, with the ability to recall and describe the main brain regions involved in reward processing Understand the concept of food addiction Describe the effects of gut hormones and bariatric surgery on food reward Understand the role of gut hormones in other addictions, and how they could help in the treatment of addiction by modulating reward processing

Define novel psychoactive substances Understand why novel psychoactive substances are a problem Know who uses novel psychoactive substances Understand the clinical challenges of novel psychoactive substances Explore how to start to address novel psychoactive substance-related harms

Understand the underlying complexity of addiction disorders Understand the use of fMRI to study addiction disorders Understand the use of fMRI in medication development for addiction disorders Describe an example design of a multi-centre neuroimaging study, including its aims and objectives in addressing the problem of relapse to addiction Evaluate the study's strengths and limitations Describe fMRI tasks used to probe addiction and relapse mechanisms - examples of reward processing, inhibitory

Understand the clinical presentation of gambling disorder as well as its epidemiology Learn about the neuroscience of gambling disorder Understand the evidence base for psychological treatment of gambling disorder Know the pharmacological interventions for gambling disorder

Acquire basic understanding of the concepts of intelligence and intellectual disability Be familial with measures for and testing of intelligence and how to recognise this clinically Know the main reasons for variation in intelligence Know the common associations between intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder, and mechanisms for those associations

Recognise the variable clinical features of childhood autism Recognise that there are different types of autism spectrum disorders Gain an understanding of the epidemiology and complex aetiology Gain familiarity with the assessment and management approaches of childhood autism

Describe key areas contributing to emotional and social development Identify the basic emotions and describe their functions In the context of underlying brain development, describe the role of temperament in individual difference, Bowlby's attachment theory, the Strange Situation Procedure classifications, and the role of emotional regulation

Describe the main features of depression Describe some important aetiological and maintaining factors Describe the outcome and interventions that may ameliorate the problem

Learn about the current diagnostic classification of feeding and eating disorders Distinguish these disorders by their features, epidemiology, and aetiology Understand the medical risk associated with each condition Appraise the management and treatment options for eating disorders, and their prognosis

Know the main types of anxiety disorders Know the aetiology of the varied anxiety disorders including developmental considerations Know the main principles of treatment for anxiety disorders

Define ADHD and its criteria Outline the concept of co-morbidity List the co-morbid conditions in ADHD Outline genetic and psychosocial aetiological factors Relate the neuropsychology of ADHD to its neurobiology Describe the management options and how they might work

Describe the main features of antisocial and offending behaviour Define the criteria of conduct disorder and its subtypes Gain an understanding of the epidemiology of conduct disorder in young people and some important aetiological and maintaining factors Be familiar with the Structured Assessment of Violence and Risk in Youth Describe the interventions which may ameliorate the problem

Learn about the epidemiology of perinatal mental illness Understand the rationale for management of perinatal mental illness, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in pregnancy and post-partum, the main classes of psychotropic medication employed in periinatal psychiatry, and consdierations of prescribing in pregnancy and lactation Learn about the medium and long-term consequences of untreated maternal mental illness on child development

Appreciate how prenatal stress, anxiety, and depression can all increase the risk of a range of mental health problems in the child Understand that while there is an increased risk of anxiety, depression, ADHD, conduct disorder, and cognitive problems in the child, most children are not affected Demonstrate that the effect on the child depends in part on specific genetic vulnerabilities and the sensitivity of postnatal care Appraise some of the biological mechanisms for such foetal programming,

Define self-harm and describe the main phenomenological and epidemiological features of self-harm behaviour Discuss the relationship between self-harm and suicide Understand the psychological drivers of self-harm and its association with psychiatric disorders Discuss the stigma around self-harm Understand different theories of cognitive and biological mechanisms underpinning self-harm Know the current interventions targeting self-harm

Learn about current diagnostic classification of PTSD Understand the complex relationship between psychological trauma and mental health, including complex PTSD Learn about management and treatment options for PTSD, and its prognosis

Describe the key features of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of personality disorder Be aware of the different approaches used to classify personality disorder Understand the aetiology of personality disorder Understand the general principles that underlie the treatment of individuals with personality disorder

Understand attachment theory and the role of attachment in the development of good mental health Understand the process of mentalising and how problems with mentalising can lead to poor mental health Describe the main evidence-based psychological treatments for borderline personality disorder

Summarise current evidence on pharmacotherapy for personality disorder Describe current practice in treatment of personality disorder Understand the challenges in treatment of personality disorder