Urogenital Y2

1. Define stages of CKD and outline how they are derived 2. Recognise the disease burden that CKD has on the individual and society 3. Explain the importance of early detection of CKD 4. State the important investigations of CKD.

1. Discuss normal anatomical and histological structure of the placenta and umbilical cord 2. Describe the release of bHCG from the placenta and where it is released from 3. Describe abnormalities of placentation and their clinical correlates 4. Define gestational trophoblastic disease (partial and complete molar pregnancy) and differentiate this from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 5. Discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, common clinical features, hCG and follow up of molar pregnancy.

1. Describe the mechanisms of infection of the genital tract in relation to the immune / inflammation response seen and relate this to the pathology. 2. Describe the abnormalities in the composition and regulation of the normal microbiological flora of the genital tract lead to clinical symptoms and how this can pre-dispose to genital infections 3. Describe and recognise the main microbiological features of the common genital infections (gram negative, gram positive) 4. To understand what a f

1. Describe normal female menstrual cycle, including hormones involved, where they're secreted from and their effect on the uterus and ovary. 2. Describe the common hormonal and chemical abnormalities associated with PCOS 3. Explain how these lead to common clinical manifestations of PCOS. 4. Describe the further investigations and management of women with PCOS. 5. Define normal puberty and describe the hormonal changes that occur relating these to clinical changes. 6. Briefly describe what

1. Define normal menopause and the hormonal changes that occur and relate these to the clinical changes seen 2. Define both premature menopause and premature ovarian failure 3. Describe the common causes of premature ovarian failure (POF) and how it is diagnosed 4. Describe how the above hormonal changes lead to the long term complications of POF 5. Discuss possible causes, investigation and treatment options that are available. 6. Briefly discuss functional problems such as cervical ectopy

1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 2. Disorders of sex development 3. Describe anomalies of female genital tract, common congenital uterine anomalies and link their formation to their embryological development.

1. Briefly overview normal embryo transport and implantation within the uterus 2. Define the types of miscarriage 3. Define recurrent miscarriage and discuss the known genetic, immune and biochemical causes 4. Describe the normal anatomy of the Fallopian tubes and the common sites of implantation of ectopic pregnancies and clinical risk factors for this condition.

1. Anatomy of the female reproductive system, with focus on peritoneal reflections, vasculature and innervation. 2. Anatomy of the male reproductive system: accessory glands, testes and scrotum 3. Understand the formation of the inguinal canal in relation to embryological descent of the gonads: comparison of male and female 4. Describe and distinguish between male and female external genitalia

1. Know the definition of AKI 2. Understand that there are pre-renal, renal and post renal causes of AKI 3. Clinical features and complications of AKI 4. Investigation and general management of AKI 5. Explain how each of pre-renal, renal and post renal causes of AKI cause injury to the kidney in pathophysiological terms. 6. Understand acute tubular necrosis 7. Distinguish between the most common presentations of the different causes of AKI in the clinical setting (this would only be a slid

1. Describe the principles of normal kidney function 2. Describe principles of haemodialysis, haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration and how they differ from normal kidneys 3. Describe principples of peritoneal dialysis 4. Explain indications for renal replacement therapies 5. Explain principles of kidney transplantation 6. Compare and contrast each RRT method 7. Survival of patients on kidney replacement therapies and conservative management as RRT method

1. Describe the common presentations (both anatomical and physiological) of prostate cancer with reference to the role of prostate specific antigen PSA 2. Explain the importance of prostate specific antigen PSA in diagnosis of prostate cancer 3. Natural history of prostate cancer, risk factors and related pathology 4. Identify and describe the investigation and treatment options for prostate cance r(biopsy, bone scan, MRI) and be able to explain why prostate cancer tends to spread to bones 5.

1. Describe incidence, age, sex, geographical areas, predisposing factors, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the common types of bladder and kidney cancers. 2. Briefly be bale to outline the investigation of patients in haematuria clinic.