Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSO Exam 2018 > Select Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods (Appendix C Green Book) > Flashcards

Select Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods (Appendix C Green Book) Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of Aloe?

A

May be useful for constipation.
May delay radiation dermatitis in HNC patients.
May improve radiation proctitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aloe side effects?

A

Aloe latex used orally may be unsafe and cause diarrhea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benefits of ⍺-lipoic acid?

A

Improves insulin sensitivity and diabetes management.
Aids with hypertension.
May mitigate radiation damage.
May have potential benefit for mucositis.
May reduce symptoms of neurotoxicity / peripheral neuropathy.
Inhibits tumor cell growth of breast, colon, lung, liver and pancreatic cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can ⍺-lipoic acid prevent neurotoxicity from oxaliplatin or cisplatin?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are dietary sources of ⍺-lipoic acid?

A

Spinach, broccoli, brewer’s yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interesting fact about ⍺-lipoic acid?

A

⍺-lipoic acid is both fat- and water-soluble and is able to function throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Benefits of Black cohosh?

A

Suppresses hot flashes associated with menopause and cancer treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are potential adverse reactions to Black cohosh?

A

headaches, vomiting and gastrointestinal irritation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Black cohosh may interfere with which medications?

A

Tamoxifen
Doxorubicin
Doxetaxel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)?

A

Endogenous antioxidant involved in cellular energy production and found in every cell in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the anticancer benefits of CoQ10?

A

May reduce renal toxicity and cardio toxicity of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are potential adverse reactions to CoQ10?

A

Mild gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CoQ10 is contraindicated with which medication?

A

Warfarin (because CoQ10 is structurally similar to Vitamin K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which plant does curcumin come from?

A

Turmeric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the reputed anticancer benefits of curcumin?

A

May inhibit growth of cancer cells.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are reported anticancer concerns of curcumin?

A

May prolong activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Curcumin enhances the anticancer effects of what medications?

A

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and the combination of 5-FU and cisplatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does curcumin effect cancer medications?

A

It enhances tumoricidal actions of docetaxel.
Reverses resistance to irinotecan in colon cancer cells..
May improve myelosuppression induced by carboplatin.
Improve efficacy of cisplatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is curcumin easy to absorb?

A

No. Curcumin has poor solubility and bioavailability. Some supplements add piperine to improve absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is incorporating turmeric within a varied diet reasonable and safe?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Food sources of indole-3-carbinol (I3C)

A

cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, boy chow, mustard greens and turnips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is 3,3’-Diindolylmethane (DIM)

A

a naturally occurring plant alkaloid bioactive metabolite of indole-3-carbinol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are reported anticancer benefits of DIM and I3C??

A

May benefit breast and lung squamous cell carcinoma.

They target molecules controlling cell division, apoptosis or angiogenesis deregulated in cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are reported anticancer concerns with DIM and I3C?

A

DIM may interfere with hormone therapy d/t potential antiestrogenic effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

DIM enhances the therapeutic efface of what medication?

A

Paclitaxel in gastric cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Flaxseed is a good sources of…?

A

⍺-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, soluble and insoluble fibers and has phytoestrogens and antioxidant properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits fo flaxseed?

A

Lignans, fiber and ⍺-linolenic acid are protective of cancer.
May enhance efficacy of tamoxifen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of flaxseed?

A

Nausea, gas, diarrhea.
May be contraindicated in those with inflammatory bowel disease
May affect the absorption of some drugs.
Possible allergic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T/F: Unfiltered flaxseed oil contains both ⍺-linolenic acid and lignins?

A

True. many flaxseed oils do not contain lignans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What should you do to flaxseed?

A

Ground it to exert its biological effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Flaxseed and medications?

A

Medications and flaxseed should be taken 1-2 hours apart to reduce effects on drug absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dose of flaxseed that is considered acceptable and safe?

A

1-2 TBSP per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can you do with ground flaxseed?

A

It can be added to cereals, muffins, yogurt and salad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the reported anticancer benefit of garlic?

A

It may stimulate apoptosis and help regular cell cycles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of garlic?

A

It may interfere with the function of some prescription drugs (saquinavir and anticoagulant medications)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is allium?

A

A compound found in garlic that may have anti-cancer properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of ginger?

A

May ease nausea, heartburn, anorexia, diarrhea and gas.
May ease nausea associated with chemotherapy.
May inhibit carcinogenesis.
Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Promote apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of ginger?

A

May interfere with the activity of anticoagulant drugs, but evidence is equivocal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the upper limit of daily ginger consumption?

A

4 g per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What forms does ginger come in?

A

Fresh, dried, pickled, preserved, crystallized, candied, powdered or ground.

41
Q

What is the daily recommended ginger dose?

A

1000 mg per day (1 tsp fresh ginger or 4 c ginger tea or 2 tsp of ginger syrup or 2 squares of crystallized ginger)

42
Q

What is the reported anticancer benefit of ginkgo biloba?

A

May inhibit proliferation of cancer cells.

43
Q

What are the bioactive ingredients of primary interest in the ginkgo biloba leaf?

A

triterpene, lactones and flavonoids

44
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of ginkgo biloba?

A

It may increase bleeding risk, though evidence is inconclusive.
It may interfere with anticoagulant drugs and anti seizure medications.

45
Q

How is ginkgo biloba typically consumed?

A

It is dried into a powder and formulated into pills, tablets or capsules.

46
Q

What is glutamine?

A

It is the most abundant nonessential amino acid in the human body. It is involved in cell replication for rapid cell turnover, primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosa and immune system. It is essential for gut health.

47
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of glutamine?

A

May reduce inflammatory side effects of cancer treatments (i.e. may reduce degree of mucositis, stomatitis, esophagitis and diarrhea).
Plays a roll in maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier: glutamine-enriched nutritional support can reduce intestinal damage from chemotherapy.

48
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns with glutamine?

A

It may reduce the effect of lactulose when glutamine and lactulose are given at the same time (because glutamine is converted to ammonia.

49
Q

What depletes glutamine?

A

stress (major surgery, sepsis and cancer)

50
Q

When is glutamine contraindicated?

A

In those taking antiseizure medication and lactulose

51
Q

Green tea provides what beneficial compound?

A

epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) a polyphenol

52
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of green tea?

A

It has hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and neuroprotective, anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antibacterial and antiviral and hypoglycemic effects.

53
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of green tea?

A

May cause nervousness, anxiety, heart irregularities, headache, tremors, hypotension, restlessness, insomnia, irritation of the gastrointentinal mucosa, diuresis and daytime irritability.

54
Q

The use of green tea is discouraged with which medications?

A

erlotinib and pazopanib

55
Q

What is melatonin?

A

It is a natural indolamine produced by the pineal glad that has many functions, including regulation of the circadian rhythm.

56
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of melatonin?

A

Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects, evading growth suppressors

57
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of melatonin?

A

May be unsafe for use during pregnancy.

May increase the effects of herbs with anticoagulant products, so could increase the risk of bleeding.

58
Q

What is the melatonin dose for managing insomnia?

A

1-5 mg/day

59
Q

What is the anticancer dose of melatonin?

A

Up to 20 mg/day

60
Q

What is N-acetylcysteine (NAC)?

A

NAC is an antioxidant that stimulates glutathione synthesis and scavenges free radicals.

61
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)?

A

Has antioxidant properties.
Increases inflammatory response.
Has been used as an antidote for overdosed drugs in the ED.

62
Q

What is the typical dosage of N-acetylcysteine?

A

600-1800 mg/day

63
Q

At what dose do side effects of N-acetylcysteine usually occur?

A

a single dose of greater than 9 g daily

64
Q

What are omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)?

A

They are long-chain poly unsaturated fatty acids that are found in fatty fish and dietary supplements (fish oil) and they direct eicosanoid metabolism toward anti-inflammatory pathways.

65
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

May offer cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulary effects.
May reduce inflammation.

66
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns with omega-3 fatty acids?

A

EPA and DHA may increase bleeding risk if taken in high doses (>4 g EPA and DHA daily).

67
Q

What is the safe dose of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Up to 3 g daily is considered safe (up to 4 g/day if carefully monitored for bleeding risk).

68
Q

What is quercetin?

A

It is a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, apples, onions, parsley and tea. It is also sold as a supplement.

69
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of quercetin?

A

Provides anti-inflammatory effects

Induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

70
Q

What is the reported anticancer concerns of quercetin?

A

Side effects such as flushing , sweating, nausea, vomiting and dyspnea have been reported.

71
Q

How is Reishi mushroom usually taken?

A

It is usually dried and taken as an extract in the form of a liquid, capsule or powder.

72
Q

Reported anticancer benefits of Reishi mushroom?

A

Used to prevent aging, enhance the immune system and for treatment of various diseases (HTN, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, etc.)

73
Q

Reported anticancer concerns of Reishi mushrooms?

A

Possibly unsafe when used in powder form for more than 1 month.
May increase risk of bleeding when combined in high doses >3 g/day with anticoagulant medications.

74
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of resveratrol?

A

Has anticancer properties arising from anti oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anti carcinogenic and antiproliferative characteristics.
Cause cell cycle arrest, promote apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation.

75
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of resveratrol?

A

Has anti platelet effects so could cause excessive bleeding in a person taking blood thinning medication.

76
Q

What are good sources of resveratrol?

A

The root of the knotweed, black grapes (more than red and green). Grape skins are particularly rich in resveratrol.

77
Q

What is the reported anticancer benefit of selenium?

A

It serves as a cofactor in glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme of the antioxidant defense system.

78
Q

What is the reported anticancer concerns with selenium?

A

When consumed jin excessive amounts, can cause acute toxicity (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dermatitis, nail changes, fatigue, irritability, alopecia, impaired endocrine function, neurotoxicity, and weight loss)

79
Q

What is the Upper Tolerable Intake Level of selenium?

A

400 mcg/day

80
Q

What is Silymarin?

A

It is an extract of the milk thistle plant.

81
Q

What is the reported anticancer benefits of Silymarin?

A

It acts as an antioxidant, has immunomodulary effects, anti-inflammatory effects and liver-protective and anticancer effects.

82
Q

What is the reported anticancer concern with Silymarin?

A

Allergic reactions at intakes >1500 mg/d4

83
Q

Does Silymarin have good bioavailability?

A

No, due to it’s low water solubility and has limited clinical application and therapeutic efficiency.

84
Q

What is St. John’s Wort?

A

It is a bush that usually blooms around June 24th. Yellow flowers from the bush are used as herbal remedies.

85
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of St. John’s wort?

A

may help with pain

may help make cancer cells more sensitive to photodynamic therapies

86
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of St. John’s wort?

A

May interact with medications, including warfarin.

87
Q

Is it safe to take St. John’s wort during chemotherapy?

A

No d/t possible side effects on enzyme induction for multiple enzymes (cytochrome P-450, 2B6, 2C9, etc)

88
Q

What is Theanine?

A

It is an amino acid found in tea and mushrooms.

89
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits fo Theanine?

A

May enhance efficacy of doxorubicin and idarubicin and reduce their adverse side effects.

90
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of Theanine?

A

May reduce blood pressure and therefore interact with antihypertensive medications.

91
Q

What is the common Theanine dosage?

A

200-400 mg daily or twice daily with a maximum daily dose of 1200 mg

92
Q

What is the reported anticancer benefit of Turkey tail mushroom (Yun Zhi)?

A

Antimicrobial, antiviral, Immunomodulatory and anti tumor properties.

93
Q

What is the reported anticancer concerns of Turkey tail mushroom (Yun Zhi)?

A

Generally low incidents of milk and tolerable side effects.

94
Q

What are the reported anticancer benefits of Vitamin D?

A

Regulates genes that influence cell proliferation and apoptosis.

95
Q

What are the reported anticancer concerns of Vitamin D?

A

Toxicity, which can result in hypercalcemia.

96
Q

Which is more bioavailable, D2 or D3?

A

D3 (cholecalciferol)

97
Q

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D?

A

4000 IU/day

98
Q

What level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood is considered ideal?

A

40-60 ng/dL (up to 100 ng/dL is ok)

CSO Exam 2018 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions