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Microbiology > M7: Antibacterials (Chart) > Flashcards

M7: Antibacterials (Chart) Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillin V

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)

A

(1) Natural Penicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci
(6) minimal
(7) mouth anaerobes
(8) Treponema pallidum
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivities common, seizures at high doses
(11) Time Dependent
(12) Cidal

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2
Q

Penicillin G

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Natural Penicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IM, IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci
(6) minimal
(7) mouth anaerobes
(8) Treponema pallidum
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivities common, seizures at high doses
(11) Time Dependent
(12) Cidal

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3
Q

Amoxicillin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminopenicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes
(6) E. coli, P. mirabilis, some strains of H. influenzae
(7) mouth anaerobes
(8) T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal

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4
Q

Ampicillin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminopenicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes
(6) E. coli, P. mirabilis, some strains of H. influenzae
(7) mouth anaerobes
(8) T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal

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5
Q

Amoxicillin + Clavulanate

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminopenicillins plus β-lactamase inhibitor
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) the B lactamase inhibitor allows the aminopenicillin to block peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus
(6) E. coli, P. mirabilis, more strains of H. influenzae, some Klebsiella spp.
(7) good anaerobic coverage including B. fragilis
(8) T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, diarrhea
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal

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6
Q

Ampicillin + Sulbactam

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminopenicillins plus β-lactamase inhibitor
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) the B lactamase inhibitor allows the aminopenicillin to block peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) most streptococci, some enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus
(6) E. coli, P. mirabilis, more strains of H. influenzae, some Klebsiella spp.
(7) good anaerobic coverage including B. fragilis
(8) T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, diarrhea
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal

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7
Q

Nafcillin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Penicillinase resistant penicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) resistant to a particular beta lactamase
(5) *drug of choice for MSSA, also covers most streptococci
(9) NO
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, hepatotoxicity, interstitial nephritis
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal

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8
Q

Oxacillin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Penicillinase resistant penicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) resistant to a particular beta lactamase
(5) *drug of choice for MSSA, also covers most streptococci
(9) NO
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, hepatotoxicity, interstitial nephritis
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal

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9
Q

Dicloxacillin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Penicillinase resistant penicillin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) resistant to a particular beta lactamase
(5) *drug of choice for MSSA, also covers most streptococci
(9) NO
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, hepatotoxicity, interstitial nephritis
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal

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10
Q

Piperacillin + Tazobactam

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Extended spectrum penicillin plus B-lactamase inhibitor
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV- used more often than Tic/Clav
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, most streptococci, enterococci
(6) **Pseudomonas, plus many others
(7) good anaerobic coverage including B. fragilis
(8) T. pallidum
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, diarrhea
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal

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11
Q

Ticarcicillin + Clavulanate

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Extended spectrum penicillin plus B-lactamase inhibitor
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, most streptococci, enterococci
(6) **Pseudomonas, plus many others
(7) good anaerobic coverage including B. fragilis
(8) T. pallidum
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures, diarrhea
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal

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12
Q

Cefazolin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 1st Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivities common, seizures at high doses
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) used for skin, soft tissue infections, prophylaxis. Cefadroxil has a longer half life than cephalexin

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13
Q

Cephalexin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 1st Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivities common, seizures at high doses
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) used for skin, soft tissue infections, prophylaxis. Cefadroxil has a longer half life than cephalexin

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14
Q

Cefadroxil

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 1st Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivities common, seizures at high doses
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) used for skin, soft tissue infections, prophylaxis. Cefadroxil has a longer half life than cephalexin

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15
Q

Cefuroxime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 2A Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV, PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella, H. influenzae, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor cover Moraxella catarrhalis and more H. influenzae
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) can be used for sinusitis, otitis media

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16
Q

Cefaclor

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 2A Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella, H. influenzae, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor cover Moraxella catarrhalis and more H. influenzae
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) can be used for sinusitis, otitis media

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17
Q

Cefprozil

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 2A Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella, H. influenzae, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor cover Moraxella catarrhalis and more H. influenzae
(7) mouth anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) can be used for sinusitis, otitis media

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18
Q

Cefoxitin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 2B Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) poor MSSA, some streptococci
(6) E. coli, some Klebsiella, H. influenzae, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor cover Moraxella catarrhalis and more H. influenzae
(7) moderate B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal
(13) can be used for intraabdominal and pelvic infections

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19
Q

Ceftibuten

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

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20
Q

Cefdinir

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

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21
Q

Cefpodoxime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

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22
Q

Ceftriaxone

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(8) CA-meningitis, N. gonorrhea, B. burgdorferi
(9) NO***
(10) biliary sludging at high doses
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

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23
Q

Cefotaxime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(8) CA-meningitis, N. gonorrhea, B. burgdorferi
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

24
Q

Cefixime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

25
Q

Ceftazidime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) poor
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

26
Q

Ceftaroline

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) **MRSA, MSSA, Streptococcus
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) ceftaroline = cetriaxone + MRSA coverage

27
Q

Cefepime

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)

A

(1) 4th Generation Cephalosporin
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, streptococci
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) mouth anaerobes only
(9) yes
(10) hypersensitivity, seizures
(11) Time Dependent
(12) cidal

28
Q

Aztreonam

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Monobactam
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) broad spectrum, good B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) increased risk of seizures - only Imipenem
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) Cliastatin inhibits enzyme that hydrolyzes imipenem

29
Q

Imipenem / Cliastatin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Carbapenem
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA and strep, some enterococcus
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) broad spectrum, good B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) increased risk of seizures - only Imipenem
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) Cliastatin inhibits enzyme that hydrolyzes imipenem

30
Q

Meropenem

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Carbapenem
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA and strep, some enterococcus
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) broad spectrum, good B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) increased risk of seizures - only Imipenem
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) Cliastatin inhibits enzyme that hydrolyzes imipenem

31
Q

Doripenem

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Carbapenem
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA and strep, some enterococcus
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) broad spectrum, good B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) increased risk of seizures - only Imipenem
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) Cliastatin inhibits enzyme that hydrolyzes imipenem

32
Q

Ertapenem

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Carbapenem
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) IV
(4) inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking
(5) MSSA, strep
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) broad spectrum, good B. fragilis
(9) yes
(10) increased risk of seizures - only Imipenem
(11) time dependent
(12) cidal
(13) Cliastatin inhibits enzyme that hydrolyzes imipenem

33
Q

Vancomycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Glycopeptide
(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) primarily IV, PO for C diff
(4) binds to D-Ala and blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
(5) very good gram + coverage, including MRSA and all strep, non-VRE E. faecium and E. faecalis
(7) PO used for C. difficile
(9) yes
(10) Red Man’s syndrome, nephrotoxicity, neutropenia, rare allergies
(11) exposure dependent
(12) cidal
(13) 80% of E. faecium and 20% of E. faecalis are resistant

34
Q

Fosfomycin

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(2) Cell wall synthesis
(3) PO - suspension
(4) inhibits the first step in peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N-acetylmuramic acid
(5) good spectrum against Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp and Enterococcus spp
(6) >95% of E. coli susceptible and a few others but NOT Pseudomonas
(9) yes
(10) well tolerated
(11) exposure dependent
(12) cidal
(13) only used for cystitis in females in USA

35
Q

Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Sulfa Drug
(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) in combination act synergistically to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of 2 enzymes in DNA synthesis pathway
(5) most strains of Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis including most MRSA and MRSE
(6) good spectrum including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia- NOT including Pseudomonas
(8) Nocardia, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Toxoplasma gondii
(9) yes
(10) skin rash- mild to Stevens Johnson syndrome, TMP-Sulfa also inhibits secretion of creatinine and may lead to increased serum levels, hyperkalemia, acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis
(11) time dependent
(12) components static but together cidal
(13) drug interaction with warfarin, monitor for increase in INR

36
Q

Rifampin

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase-> RNA synth
(5) can be used in combinations for staph and strep
(6) limited, prophylaxis for N. meningitidis
(8) M. tuberculosis
(9) **NO
(10) orange-red discoloration of tears, sweat, urine, PO formulation causes GI symptoms, hepatotoxicity ranging from mild to fulminant hepatitis
(11) exposure dependent
(12) cidal
(13) many drug interactions, needs to be used in combination due to emergence of resistance, fairly toxic, can be used to break apart biofilms

37
Q

Fidaxomicin

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) PO only
(4) inhibits transcription of bacterial RNA polymerase
(5) some activity against Staph, strep, enterococci
(7) Primary use is to treat C. diff, active against Gram + anaerobes
(9) yes
(10) well tolerated
(12) cidal
(13) only clinical use is to treat C. difficile, does less to disrupt the normal flora of gut than other antibiotics

38
Q

Ciprofloxacin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Fluoroquinolone
(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) block function of DNA gyrase
(5) not much, some strep but not S. pneumoniae
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) poor anaerobic activity
(8) Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella
(9) yes
(10) headache, dizziness, imsomnia, mood change, seizures, tendinitis - important concern for elderly pts, high risk of C. diff
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) lots of resistance emerging, use carefully

39
Q

Levofloxacin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Fluoroquinolone
(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) block function of DNA gyrase
(5) good for S. pneumoniae
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(7) poor anaerobic activity
(8) Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella
(9) yes
(10) headache, dizziness, imsomnia, mood change, seizures, tendinitis - important concern for elderly pts, high risk of C. diff
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) lots of resistance emerging, use carefully

40
Q

Moxifloxacin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Fluoroquinolone
(2) Inhibitor of DNA/RNA Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) block function of DNA gyrase
(5) good for S. pneumoniae
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) better anaerobic coverage, incl. B. fragilis
(8) Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella
(9) **NO
(10) headache, dizziness, imsomnia, mood change, seizures, tendinitis - important concern for elderly pts, high risk of C. diff
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) lots of resistance emerging, use carefully

41
Q

Gentamicin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminoglycoside
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV only
(4) bind 16S rRNA component of 30S ribosome, leads to tln inhibition
(5) used in combination with a cell wall inhibitor- good for Enterococcus, some staph and strep
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage, amikacin best for Pseudomonas
(9) yes
(10) reversible nephrotoxicity, rare irreversible ototoxicity
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) require careful monitoring for toxicity, often used in combination with other antibiotics

42
Q

Tobramycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminoglycoside
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV only
(4) bind 16S rRNA component of 30S ribosome, leads to tln inhibition
(5) used in combination with a cell wall inhibitor- good for Enterococcus, some staph and strep
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage, amikacin best for Pseudomonas
(9) yes
(10) reversible nephrotoxicity, rare irreversible ototoxicity
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) require careful monitoring for toxicity, often used in combination with other antibiotics

43
Q

Amikacin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Aminoglycoside
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV only
(4) bind 16S rRNA component of 30S ribosome, leads to tln inhibition
(5) used in combination with a cell wall inhibitor- good for Enterococcus, some staph and strep
(6) broad spectrum, ***Pseudomonas coverage, amikacin best for Pseudomonas
(9) yes
(10) reversible nephrotoxicity, rare irreversible ototoxicity
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) require careful monitoring for toxicity, often used in combination with other antibiotics

44
Q

Azithromycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Macrolide
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) inhibit elongation of peptide chain at 50S ribosome
(5) decent activity for S. pneumoniae, some other strep and MSSA, not first line except pen/ceph allergies
(6) H. influenzae, N. gonorrhea, M. catarrhalis, Campylobacter, H. pylori
(7) some anaerobes but not B. fragilis
(8) Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, M. avium (MAC)
(9) **NO
(10) some GI symptoms, Clarithromycin - drug interactions common, also torsades de pointes (V-Tach)
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static
(13) good for CA-pneumonias

45
Q

Clarithromycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Macrolide
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) PO
(4) inhibit elongation of peptide chain at 50S ribosome
(5) decent activity for S. pneumoniae, some other strep and MSSA, not first line except pen/ceph allergies
(6) H. influenzae, N. gonorrhea, M. catarrhalis, Campylobacter, H. pylori
(7) some anaerobes but not B. fragilis
(8) Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, M. avium (MAC)
(9) yes
(10) some GI symptoms, Clarithromycin - drug interactions common, also torsades de pointes (V-Tach)
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static
(13) good for CA-pneumonias

46
Q

Tetracycline

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)

A

(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) PO
(4) block access of tRNAs to 30S ribosome
(5) S. pneumoniae, Enterococcus, MRSA and MSSA
(6) H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Campylobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, some N. gonorrheae
(7) good anaerobic coverage
(8) B. burgdorferi, Rickettsia
(9) ***NO
(10) GI symptoms including esophageal ulceration, photosensitivity, in children- discoloration of teeth
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static

47
Q

Doxycycline

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)

A

(1) Tetracycline
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) block access of tRNAs to 30S ribosome
(5) S. pneumoniae, Enterococcus, MRSA and MSSA
(6) H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Campylobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, some N. gonorrheae
(7) good anaerobic coverage
(8) B. burgdorferi, Rickettsia
(9) ***NO
(10) GI symptoms including esophageal ulceration, photosensitivity, in children- discoloration of teeth
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static

48
Q

Minocycline

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)

A

(1) Tetracycline
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) PO
(4) block access of tRNAs to 30S ribosome
(5) S. pneumoniae, Enterococcus, MRSA and MSSA
(6) H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Campylobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, some N. gonorrheae
(7) good anaerobic coverage
(8) B. burgdorferi, Rickettsia
(9) ***NO
(10) GI symptoms including esophageal ulceration, photosensitivity, in children- discoloration of teeth
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static

49
Q

Tigecycline

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Glycylcycline
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV
(4) block access of tRNAs to 30S ribosome
(5) broad spectrum, MRSA, VRE
(6) moderate spectrum, NOT Pseudomonas
(7) good anaerobic coverage, including B. fragilis
(9) no but needs hepatic adjustment
(10) same as tetracyclines, plus 25% of pts nausea and vomiting
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static
(13) can’t use for bacteremia due to low serum levels

50
Q

Clindamycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Lincosamide
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) inhibits elongation of peptide chain at 50S ribosome
(5) good against MRSA, MRSE, some strep but not first line
(7) good anaerobic coverage but some B. fragilis are resistant
(9) ***NO
(10) NVD, very high risk of C. diff
(11) exposure dependent
(12) static
(13) rarely used due to C. diff risk, primary role is for skin/soft tissue infections for pt w/pen allergy, also part of combo therapy for necrotizing fasciitis

51
Q

Linezolid

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Oxazolidinone
(2) Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis
(3) IV and PO
(4) blocks initiation of translation at 50S ribosome
(5) broad spectrum, including MRSA, most VRE
(9) yes
(10) myelosuppression, thrombocytopenia, serotonin syndrome
(11) time dependent
(12) static
(13) used for resistant Gram + infections

52
Q

Nitrofurantoin

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(13) Other Notes

A

(2) DNA Damaging Agent
(3) PO
(4) forms DNA damaging ROS
(5) good for most Gram + including VRE
(6) most E. coli, some Klebsiella, some Enterobacter
(9) yes
(10) GI, pulmonary- cough, dyspnea, chronic use can lead to pulm fibrosis
(13) very low serum levels, only used for cystitis

53
Q

Metronidazole

(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(6) Gram-
(7) Anaerobes
(8) Atypicals
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(2) DNA Damaging Agent
(3) IV and PO
(4) anaerobic nitro-reduction to radicals that damage DNA
(6) H. pylori
(7) Extensive anaerobic activity including C. diff, B.fragilis
(8) Trichomonas, Giardia
(9) yes
(10) GI, metallic taste, peripheral neuropathy
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal (?)
(13) first line treatment for C diff, extensively used for anaerobic infections

54
Q

Daptomycin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(5) Gram+
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(11) Pharmacodynamics
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Lipopeptide
(2) Cell Membrane Damaging Agent
(3) IV
(4) inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane in a calcium dependent manner, results in membrane depolarization and loss of intracellular components
(5) extensive G+ activity, MRSA, MRSE, MSSA, drug resistant strep and most VRE
(9) yes
(10) muscle pain, weakness, need to monitor CPK levels, rash
(11) concentration dependent
(12) cidal
(13) used for resistant Gram + bloodstream infections, does not effectively treat pneumonia

55
Q

Polymyxin B

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Polymyxin
(2) Cell Membrane Damaging Agent
(3) IV
(4) act as cationic detergent in Gram - membranes
(6) broad spectum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(9) yes
(10) nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, paresthesias
(12) cidal (?)
(13) drug of last resort for highly resistant Gram negatives

56
Q

Colistin

(1) Drug Family
(2) Target
(3) Route(s) of Administration
(4) Mechanism of Action
(6) Gram-
(9) Renal Adjustment (y / n)
(10) Toxicities
(12) (Cidal / Static)
(13) Other Notes

A

(1) Polymyxin
(2) Cell Membrane Damaging Agent
(3) IV
(4) act as cationic detergent in Gram - membranes
(6) broad spectum, ***Pseudomonas coverage
(9) yes
(10) nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, paresthesias
(12) cidal (?)
(13) drug of last resort for highly resistant Gram negatives

Microbiology (36 decks)

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