1
Q
- Scientific study of blood and its component
Help physicians diagnose abnormalities in the
blood.
A
HEMATOLOGY
2
Q
- Standard procedure of blood collection using
lancets & needles of varying gauges.
A
PHLEBOTOMY
3
Q
Types of phlebotomy:
– capillaries
A
Skin puncture
4
Q
Types of phlebotomy:
- veins
A
Ø Venipuncture
5
Q
Types of phlebotomy:
– arteries
A
Ø Arterial puncture
6
Q
Pale yellow liquid- intravascular/extracellular
* Water, sugar, fat, protein and salt solution
A
plasma
7
Q
55% of a normal human’s blood volume
A
plasma
8
Q
- Transports RBC, WBC and platelets
through the blood vessels - Remove waste products of metabolism
A
plasma
9
Q
- Anucleated cells produced from the bone
marrow
A
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
10
Q
Transport oxygen (lungs à tissues)
Ø Transport carbon dioxide (back to
lungs)
A
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
11
Q
gas transporting protein molecule
A
Hemoglobin
12
Q
– low number of RBCs
A
Anemia
13
Q
– high number of RBCs
A
Ø Polycythemia
14
Q
RBC in a test tube is called:
A
Hematocrit
15
Q
Normal Hematocrit in female
A
37% - 47%
16
Q
Normal Hematocrit in male
A
42% - 52%
17
Q
- Nucleated cells that lacks hemoglobin
- Acts as defense against infection
A
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
18
Q
- Most numerous
- Multi-lobed nucleus
- Pale lilac granules
A
NEUTROPHIL
19
Q
Function:
Ø Immune defense – Protects the body
from infection by killing and ingesting
bacteria, fungi and foreign bodies.
A
NEUTROPHIL
20
Q
- Spherical nucleus
- “Robin’s egg blue” cytoplasm
A
LYMPHOCYTE
21
Q
– cellular immune response
A
Ø T-cell
22
Q
– antibody production
A
Ø B cell
23
Q
–kills cancer cells
A
Ø NK cells
24
Q
- Usually with a bilobed nucleus
- Granules stain bright reddish-orange
A
EOSINOPHIL
25
* Functions:
Ø Defense against parasites
Ø Activate allergic response
EOSINOPHIL
26
* With purple-blue granules
BASOPHIL
27
* Functions:
Ø Inflammatory response
Ø Involved in allergic response
BASOPHIL
28
* Kidney-shaped or horse shoe-shaped nucleus
MONOCYTE
29
– Marks out cells that are
antigens (foreign bodies) that should be destroyed by lymphocytes.
Dendritic cell
30
– Acts as antigenpresenting cells; larger and lives longer than neutrophils. They will present
antigens by digesting the pathogen
and place a remnant of the antigen on
their surface and present it to
lymphocytes for recognition.
Macrophage
31
* Cell fragments
PLATELETS
32
* Function:
Ø Form clots during injury to prevent
blood from leaking out
PLATELETS
33
TESTS PERFORMED IN HEMATOLOGY SECTION
* Sample:
* Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Ø Hemoglobin
Ø Hematocrit
Ø Red blood cell count
Ø White blood cell count
Ø Platelet count/estimate
Ø RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
Whole blood and blood films
34
TESTS PERFORMED IN HEMATOLOGY SECTION
* Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Ø Hemoglobin
Ø Hematocrit
Ø Red blood cell count
Ø White blood cell count
Ø Platelet count/estimate
Ø RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
35
Procedures performed in the Hema Section:
1. Counting the number or concentration of cells
2. Determining the relative distribution of various
types of cells
3. Measuring biochemical abnormalities of the
blood
4. Hemostasis and coagulation assays
36
– Iron-containing oxygen
transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
37
* Reference Method
* Reagent:_____
* Principle: Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric by
potassium ferricyanide – Methemoglobin
Methemoglobin converted to cyanmethemoglobin with cyanide ions
* Instrument: _____
CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD
* Reagent: Drabkin’s Reagent
* Instrument: Spectrophotometer (540 nm)
38
* Utilizes cyanmethemoglobin method with
modified Drabkin’s reagent
AUTOMATED HEMOGLOBINOMETRY
39
HemoCue method
* Modified azidemethemoglobin reaction
* Reagent: ____________
POINT-OF-CARE (POC) HEMOGLOBIN ASSAY
Reagent: sodium nitrite and sodium azide
40
* Also known as packed cell volume (PCV) or
erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF).
* For evaluation or treatment of anemia and
determine presence of nutritional deficiencies.
HEMATOCRIT DETERMINATION
41
Methods of Hematocrit Determination:
* Manual procedure
* Blood collection method: skin puncture
* Spin a blood-filled capillary tube using a
microhematocrit centrifuge
SPUN MICROHEMATOCRIT
42
Methods of Hematocrit Determination:
Computed from the mean cell volume and the
red cell count.
* Advantage: Not affected by trapped plasma
that is why it has slightly lower values than
manual.
AUTOMATED
43
– Anticoagulated venous blood
as sample in automated Hematocrit Determination:
EDTA
43
BLOOD CELL COUNT – MANUAL
Requirements:
1. White blood cells count diluting fluid
2. Microscope
3. Thoma white pipette
4. Hematocytometer and coverslip
5. Alcohol pads
43
BLOOD CELL COUNT – AUTOMATED
* Hydrodynamic focusing method
* Uses laser light in cell counting and sizing
2. OPTICAL DETECTION
44
BLOOD CELL COUNT – AUTOMATED
* Also known as Coulter Principle
* Sizing and counting of particles is based on
changes in electrical resistance creating
voltage pulses.
1. ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE
45
– Young RBCs without nucleus
but still bears cytoplasmic RNA
* Reticulocytes
46
* Determines how the bone marrow produce and
release new RBCs to compensate lost/damaged
RBCs.
Blood film is stained with ____
RETICULOCYTE COUNT
Blood film is stained with supravital stain.
47
* Rate at which RBCs fall in a column in
* Non-specific test for inflammation
* Reference Method: ____
* Anticoagulant: ____
* Time of testing: ____
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
* Reference Method: Westergren Method
* Anticoagulant: sodium citrate
* Time of testing: One hour
48
* Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
* Coagulation testing
* Detect abnormalities in hemostasis
* Anticoagulant: ____
* Sample: _____
PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS
* Anticoagulant: sodium citrate
* Sample: Plasma only
