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LSS Anatomy of the Thorax > 2 Topography of the Cell Wall: Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

2 Topography of the Cell Wall: Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is the system of terminology used to describe body positions and relations based on? What is this?

A

A: anatomical position

-body is lying on back palms up

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2
Q

Q: Define:

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • superior
  • inferior
A

A: =ventral= front of body inc abdomen
=dorsal= behind of body
=canial, rostral= top end of body towards head
=caudal= lower half of body towards feet

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3
Q

Q: Define:

  • midline
  • medial
  • lateral
A

A: =mid sagital plane (cut from head to toe, down between eyes)
=from head to toe, between eyes
=going away from centre

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4
Q

Q: Define:

  • proximal
  • distal
A

A: =pointing closer to chest

=pointing away through fingers

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5
Q

Q: Define:

  • sagital
  • frontal
  • horizontal
A

A: =cut from head to toe, down between eyes
=coronal (cut between ventral and dorsal)
=transverse/axial= cut where a belt would be (between cranial and caudal)

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6
Q

Q: How many pairs of ribs do we have? 3 types?

A

A: 12

  • 1 to 7 reach sternum and are true ribs
  • 8 to 10 reach costal cartilage above and are false ribs
  • 11 and 12 lack anterior attachment and are floating ribs
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7
Q

Q: What are articulations? (2)

A

A: joints of ribs

  • with vertebral column via head and tubercle
  • with costal cartilages
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8
Q

Q: What is a tubercle?

A

A: raised portion of bone that have attachments to muscle and ligaments

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9
Q

Q: What’s the relationship between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs?

A

A: 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae associated (1 with each pair)

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10
Q

Q: Anterior chest view. What is easily palpable? (3)

A

A: costal margin, sternal angle, jugular notch

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11
Q

Q: How many parts does the sternum have? Names? Describe structures.

A

A: 3- manubrium, body, xiphoid

manubrium: has articular sites for clavicles, jugular notch, attachment sites for first pair of ribs

sternal edge= rib II joins

body: has articular facets for ribs II to VI and includes transverse ridges

between body and xiphoid is where there are artocular facets for rib VII

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12
Q

Q: What is the thoracic inlet? Formed of? (3) Contains? (6)

A

A: superior thoracic aperture

  • 1st thoracic vertebrae (T1)
  • 1st pair of ribs
  • manubrium (of sternum)
  • great vessels heading for neck and upper limb
  • oesophagus
  • trachea
  • nerves (cranial)
  • lymphatics
  • part of lung
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13
Q

Q: Where is most lung tissue and most capacity for lung expansion?

A

A: lower parts of thorax

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14
Q

Q: Describe the diaphragm structure. Movement? (2)

A

A: has a flat central tendon with muscle radiating to costal margin and vertebrae (is attached to costal margin)

1st- dome flattens to increase vertical diameter of chest
2nd- pulls costal margin up to increase transverse and antero-posterior diameters

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15
Q

Q: What is the secondary role of intercostals?

A

A: stiffen chest wall to improve efficiency of breathing movements

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16
Q

Q: How do ribs move to increase chest volume?

A

A: up and out

17
Q

Q: What makes up intercostal muscles? Descibe.

A

A: 3 layers of muscle (from most superficial to deep)

  • external intercostals
  • internal intercostals
  • innermost intercostals
18
Q

Q: Describe external intercostals. Direction? Replaced by? when?

A

A: downward and medially from lower border of rib above to rib below
-> replaced by anterior intercostal membrane at costo-chondral (rib-cartilage) junction

19
Q

Q: Describe internal intercostals. Direction? Replaced by?

A

A: attachments begin anteriorly at the sternum- from lower border of rib above to rib below- fibres directed at right angles to external intercostals (down and lateral)-> replaced by membrane posteriorly

20
Q

Q: Describe innermost intercostals. Direction?

A

A: same direction as internal: downward and laterally from lower border of rib above to rib below

21
Q

Q: How are internal intercostals anterially described?

A

A: superomedially= situated above and at or TOWARD the midline

22
Q

Q: What’s vulnerable to damage between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles? (2)

A

A: blood vessels and nerves

23
Q

Q: Where are intercostal nerves? How many are there? Composed of? Supply?

A

A: between innermost and internal intercostal muscle layers
-11 thoracic pairs (T1 to 11) (and 1 subcostal (T12))

  • mix of motor and sensory
  • supply intercostal spaces and muscle and skin overlying muscle
24
Q

Q: Where do lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves go? anterior?

A

A: anterior and posterior

medial and lateral

25
Q

Q: What is an intercostal neurovascular bundle? where?

A

A: vein, artery and nerve that run just below rib deep to internal intercostal

26
Q

Q: What can build up between the pleural membranes that is damaging?

A

A: pus and air

27
Q

Q: What are the implications for putting a needle or chest drain through the chest well? (2)

A

A: -air can go in and out through it

-lungs don’t expand (rely on surface tension between pleural cavity and pleural membranes)

28
Q

Q: Where is a safe area to insert a chest drain?

A

A: -safe area/triangle
-anterior border of the latissimus dorsi, the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle, line superior to the horizontal level of the nipple and the apex just below the axilla

-5th intercostal space anterior to mid axillary line

29
Q

Q: What is running along the bottom of each rib? (2)

A

A: costal groove runs along inferior edge-> find the veins, arteries and nerves (particular order)

30
Q

Q: What happens in terms of arteries at the end of the intercostal space?

A

A: each intercostal artery joins (anastamoses) with a major artery at each end of the intercostal space

31
Q

Q: What are internal thoracic arteries?

A

A: vessels that come from subclavian arteries and go to limbs / brachiocephalic veins and supplies abdominal wall

32
Q

Q: What is the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A

A: -filled laterally by the lungs- each lying in its pleural cavity
-space between the pleural cavities = mediastinum

33
Q

Q: What does the mediastinum contain? (8)

A

A: -heart lying in pericardial sac

  • great vessels
  • oesophagus
  • trachea
  • thymus
  • thoracic duct and other major lymph trunks
  • lymph nodes
  • phrenic and vagus nerves
34
Q

Q: What does a PA radiograph mean?

A

A: shows the direction of X rays: that they went from posterior to anterior (back to front)-> important as images could be slightly different

LSS Anatomy of the Thorax (3 decks)

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