Urinary conditions Flashcards
Clinical features bladder cancer
Hematuria
Irritative sx: frequency, urgency, nocturia
Dysuria
Tests to diagnose bladder cancer
Urine cytology: 3 specimens
Cytoscopy + Biopsy
Imaging of upper tracts: IVU (IV urography) = gold standard. Can do US, CT
What are the three types of glomerulonephritis?
Nephritic syndrome: odema + HTN + Hematuria
Nephrotic Syndrome: Odema + Hypoalbuminemia + Proteinuria
Asymptomatic Kidney Disease
What is glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomeruli of kidney
Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes
What is nephritic syndrome?
Odema + HTN + Hematuria
What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
Oena + Hypoalbuminemia + Proteinuria
Main causes of glomerulonephritis?
IgA Nephropathy (most common)
Thin glomerular basement membrane disease (AD-linked)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Systemic vasculitis
What are the levels of:
Proteinuria, Microalbuminuria and Macoalbuminurea
Proteinuria = >150-300mg protein / 24 hours Microalbuminuria = 30-300mg / 24 hours Macroalbuminuria = >300mg / 24 hours
Serious underlying disorder is likely at what level of proteinuria?
> 1000mg / 24 hours
In diabetics, what is microalbuminemia is…?
Predictive of nephropathy
Is an indication for early blood pressure treatment
What are the limitations of urine dipsticks for measuring for proteinuria?
Only detect levels > 300mg/24 hours
Causes of transient proteinuria
Vaginal secretions contamination
UTI
Pre-eclampsia
*All require follow up and exclusion
Kidney disease causes of proteinuria
Glomerulonephritis Nephrotic syndrome Tubular disease Acute tubular damage Kidney papillary necrosis Systemic disease affecting glomeruli: DM, HTN, SLE, Malignanc, drugs (penicillamine, gold salts), amyloid, vasculitides
Causes of proteinuria in absence of kidney disease?
Orthostatic proteinurua Exercise Emotional stress Fever Cold exposure Postoperative Acute medical illness - e.g. HF
Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome
Gold rule: odena + hypoalbuminemia + proteinuria
Protinuria >3g / day
Dyspnoea
Frothy Urine
