Which type of immunity are T-lymphocytes mainly involved in?
Cell Mediated Immunity (they are just used to stimulate B-cells in humoural immunity)
Where can non-self antigens be found that T-lymphocytes may bind to?
- The surface of an antigen presenting cell (phagocyte)
- Body cells invaded by a virus may present viral antigens.
- Transplanted cells from organ donors.
- Cancer cells
- Toxins produced by pathogens.
Can T-lymphocytes bind to non-self antigens floating around freely in the blood?
No - they can only bind to foreign antigens that have been presented on an antigen presenting cell e.g. phagocyte.
How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc) protect against disease?
They kill cells infected by pathogens or cancerous cells.
They produce a protein called perforin.
Perforin creates holes in target cell membranes, which kills the cell.
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
Where are all lymphocytes produced?
Bone marrow
Where do B-Lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow.
What is meant by cell mediated immunity?
An immune response that does not involve the production of antibodies.
Results in the production of cytotoxic T cells that can protect against pathogens.
Describe the process of cell mediated immunity (immunity that does not result in the production of antibodies).
- Phagocytosis of foreign material by phagocyte.
- Foreign antigens from material are presented on phagocyte.
- Specific T-helper lymphocyte (Th) binds to foreign antigen (clonal selection)
- Attachment causes Th cell to undergo mitosis (clonal expansion).
- Cloned T cells can:
- become memory cells for rapid future response.to same pathogen.
- stimulate phagocytes to engulf via phagocytosis.
- stimulate B cells to divide and release antibodies (humoural response)
- activate cytotoxic T cells (Tc) cells to kill.
What can the cloned T-lymphocytes do after clonal expansion has taken place in the cell mediated response?
- become memory cells for rapid future response.to same pathogen.
- stimulate phagocytes to engulf via phagocytosis.
- stimulate B cells to divide and release antibodies (humoural response)
- activate cytotoxic T cells (Tc) cells to kill.
what is an antigen?
foreign protein that can stimulate an immune response/production of antibodies
what is an antibody?
Protein specific to an antigen
produced by B cells/secreted by plasma cells
-
3.1.2.1 Introduction to Biological Molecules39
-
3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides48
-
3.1.2.3 Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugar Tests20
-
3.1.2.4 Polysaccharides structure and function and the starch test35
-
3.1.3 Lipids - Triglycerides, Phospholipids and the Emulsion Test40
-
3.1.4.1 Proteins - structure, function and biuret test47
-
3.1.4.2 Proteins - Enzyme Action25
-
3.1.4.3 Proteins - Factors Affecting Enzyme Action20
-
3.3.3.1 Proteins - Enzymes and Digestion55
-
3.3.3.2 Absorption of the Products of Digestion42
-
3.1.5.1 Structure of DNA and RNA43
-
3.1.5.2 DNA Replication18
-
3.1.6 Energy and ATP30
-
3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure87
-
3.2.1.2 Organelle Structure and Function39
-
3.2.1.3 - Specialised Cells43
-
3.2.1.4 - Structure of Prokaryotic Cells48
-
3.2.1.5 - Light and Electron Microscopes32
-
3.2.1.6 - Cell Calculations and AIM Triangle18
-
3.2.2 - Mitosis and Cell Cycle37
-
3.2.3.1 - Cell Membrane Structure and Function30
-
3.2.3.2 - Simple and Facilitated Diffusion23
-
3.2.3.3 - Osmosis17
-
3.2.3.4 - Active Transport15
-
3.2.4.1 - Cell Recognition22
-
3.2.4.2 - Phagocytosis9
-
3.2.4.3 - Cell Mediated Immunity12
-
3.2.4.4 - Humoral Immunity10
-
3.2.4.5 - Monoclonal Antibodies21
-
3.2.4.6 - Vaccination15
-
3.2.4.7 - HIV21
-
3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio22
-
3.3.2 Gas Exchange36
-
3.3.4.1 Mass Transport in animals33
-
3.3.4.2 Mass Transport in plants23
-
3.4.1.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes25
-
3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis36
-
3.4.3 Genetic Diversity - mutations and meiosis27
-
3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation28
-
3.4.5 Species and taxonomy34
-
3.4.6 Biodiversity within a community19
-
3.4.7 Investigating diversity29
-
3.1.7 and 8 water and other ions7
