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(4) Reproductive System - Sessions > Female Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Female Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the embryonic origin of Round Ligament? Describe its courses.

A
  • Gubernaculum
  • Attached to uterus
  • Travel through Inguinal Canal
  • Attached to Labium Major
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1
Q

What are the two pouches around the uterus?

A
  • Uterovesical pouch

- Rectouterine pouch (Pouch o Douglas)

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2
Q

What structures does each of these ligaments attached to?

  • Board Ligament
  • Round Ligament
  • Ovarian Ligament
  • Suspensory Ligament
  • Mesovarium
A
  • Board: sides of uterine -> lateral pelvic walls
  • Round: uterine -> inguinal canal -> labium major
  • Ovarian: ovary -> uterine
  • Suspensory: ovary -> peritoneum at level of L2
  • Mesovarium: suspends ovary to board ligament
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3
Q

What are the vascular supplies and venous drainages of the ovaries? Where do these vessels travel within?

A
  • Abdominal Aorta -> Ovarian Artery
  • Right Ovarian Vein -> IVC
  • Left Ovarian Vein -> Left Renal Vein -> IVC
  • All travel within the Suspensory ligaments of the Ovaries
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4
Q

How is the female peritoneal cavity different from the male’s?

A
  • Female’s opened via Ostium of the Fallopian Tube (only the ovaries are within the peritoneal cavity, all the rest of the reproductive system is outside of it).
  • Male’s closed cavity, peritoneum covers on top of the reproductive system.
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5
Q

What is the board ligament? What organs does it comprised of?

A
  • Mensentery (double layers of ligament)
  • Attached & anchor the uterine to lateral pelvic walls
  • Comprised of mensenteries of the ovary, uterus, uterine tube
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6
Q

Name the parts of the Fallopian Tube from the Ovaries to the Uterus. Where does fertilisation occur?

A
  • Distal Ostium
  • Fimbria
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla (site of fertilisation)
  • Isthmus
  • Proximal Ostium
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7
Q

Describe the position of the uterus in respects of vagina and cervix.

A
  • With respect to Vagina - anteVerted

- With respect to cerviX - antefleXed

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8
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainages of the Uterus.

A
  • Fundus: aortic nodes
  • Body: External Iliac nodes
  • Cervix: External & Internal Iliac nodes & Sacral nodes
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10
Q

Describe the blood supplies to vagina?

A
  • Superior: Vaginal A
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10
Q

Describe the venous drainages from Uterine & Vagina.

A
  • Uterine: Uterine V -> Internal Iliac V

- Vagina: Vaginal V -> Uterine V

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11
Q

Describe the innervations to Vagina hence the pain perceived.

A
  • Superior 4/5: Uterovaginal Plexus (Inferior S2-S4 ganglia), Visceral refer pain
  • Inferior 1/5: Pudenal Nerve (S2-S4), Somatic local pain
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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the Uterus? Why is this vessel’s anatomical position clinically important?

A
  • Uterine A
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13
Q

What’s a Bimanual Examination? When is it performed?

A
  • Inserting 2 fingers into vagina to establish the position of the cervix
  • Test of Cervical Motion Tenderness (a sign of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
  • Palpate and locate the Uterus
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14
Q

Draw a simple diagram showing the external genitalia of a female.

A
  • Labia Majora: enclosing the pudenal cleft
  • Labia Minora: enclosing the vestibule + consisting Clitoris
  • Vestibule: consisting orifices of urethra & vagina + greater (Bartholin) & lesser vestibular glands

http://humansanatomy.org/2013/11/28/vagina-anatomy/vagina-anatomy-vulva-anatomy/

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15
Q

What are the names given when the Greater Vestibular glands are inflamed and when they are blocked?

A
  • Inflammation: Bartholinitis

- Blocked: Bartholin gland cyst

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16
Q

Describe what can be found in each histological layer of the Ovary.

A
  • Mesothelium: germinal epithelium derived from Mesoderm
  • Cortex: follicles at different developmental stages
  • Medulla: stromal cells + vasculatures + connective tissues
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17
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the Cervix.

A
  • Endocervix: Mucus-secreting Columnar (as uterine cavity)

- Exocervix: Stratified Sqaumous Non-keratinised (as vagina)

18
Q

What are the three layers of the Uterus?

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
19
Q

What is the epithelium of the Vagina?

A
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium (not keratinised, only the external surface e.g. skin are)
20
Q

Vaginal Fornices?

A

The recesses of Vagina around the Cervix?

21
Q

What is Endometriosis?

A
  • Ectopic endometrial tissue anywhere along the Peritoneal cavity
  • Leads to Dysmenorrhoea and/or Infertility
22
Q

What happen to the Oogonia before birth?

A

Oogonium -> Meiosis I -> Primary Oocyte -> Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor -> Primary Oocyte arrested at Phase I = all the future ova

23
Q

Describe the constitutions involved in the Primary Follicle.

A
  • Granulosa cells secrete glycogen to surround the Oocyte = Zona Pellucida
  • Stromal cells surround -> Theca Folliculi
24
Q

Describe the constitutions involved in the Secondary Follicle.

A
  • Fluid appears between Granulosa cells

- Theca Folliculi -> Theca Externa & Interna

25
Q

What is the next phase of the Secondary Follicle? Describe its constitutions.

A
  • Graafian Follicle
  • Antrum pushes Oocyte to periphery
  • LH -> Theca Folliculi -> secrete Androgen
  • FSH -> Granulosa cells -> turn Androgen into Oestrogen
26
Q

What happens to the Follicle before ovulation?

A
  • LH receptors appear on Granulosa cells
  • LH Surge -> restart Meiosis I -> Primary Oocyte -> haploid Secondary Oocyte + haploid Polar Body
  • Secondary Oocyte -> Meiosis II -> arrested -> Ovum
27
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A
  • Rapture of follicle -> Release Ovum

- Remnant follicle -> Corpus Luteum

28
Q

What are the cells made up of Corpus Luteum? What are their secretion?

A
  • Granulosa Lutein Cells: Progesterone

- Thecal Lutein Cells: Oestrogen

29
Q

What stimulates the oogonia enter Meiosis I?

A

Mesonephric (Follicular) cells

30
Q

What arrests Oogonia at Prophase I? Where is it produced from?

A

Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor from Mesonephric (Follicular) cells

31
Q

What type of cells will the Follicular (Mesonephric) cells become? Suggest some of their functions.

A
  • Granulosa cells
  • Secrete glycogen to surround Oocyte within Zona Pellucida
  • Respond to FSH to turn Androgen from Thecal cells into Oestrogen
32
Q

Describe the appearances of the Ovarian mesothelium, and why is it?

A
  • Dull, grey, scarred, distorted

- Rapid raptures of follicles

33
Q

True or false? Ovarian mesothelium = Peritoneum.

A

False, Ovarian mesothelium = continuous with Peritoneum, but different epithelial linings

34
Q

What structures of the Uterine (Fallopian) Tube aid the transport of developed follicles?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
  • Cilia more predominate at Ampulla
  • Muscular layer thicker towards Isthmus
35
Q

Describe the epithelium of the Cervix.

A
  • Endocervix (continuous as Uterine): Simple columnar, mucus secreting
  • Exocervix (continuous as Vagina): Stratified squamous non-keratinised
36
Q

What keeps the Vagina at its normal pH?

A
  • Normal secretion of Glycogen from Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • Lactobacilli turns Glycogen -> Lactate -> acidic
37
Q

Describe the embryonic derivation of the Vagina.

A
  • Superior portion: Intermediate Mesoderm

- Inferior portion: Endoderm

38
Q

How is the Vagina lubricated?

A
  • Secretions from Cervical/Vestibular glands
39
Q

Describe the hormonal controls of the changes in uterine linings throughout the Menstrual cycle.

A
  • Proliferative: Oestrogen -> Stratum Functionalis regrows from Stratum Basalis from its blood supplies, straight arteries
  • Secretory: Progesterone -> glands enlarge in endometrium
  • Menses: sudden drop in Progesterone -> spasm of spiral A in Stratum Functionalis of Endometrium causing its necrosis
40
Q

What is it called when the Cervix become infected and blocked? What complication could it cause?

A
  • Nabothian Cyst

- Infertility

41
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the vagina?

A
  • Anteriorly – base of bladder and urethra (embedded in anterior vaginal wall)
  • Posteriorly – anal canal, rectum and most superiorly pouch of Douglas
  • Laterally – levator ani and ureters (lying just superior to lateral fornices)
42
Q

Which structures may be palpated in a vaginal examination?

A
  • Anteriorly – bladder, urethra and pubic symphysis
  • Posteriorly – rectum (prolapsed uterine tubes and ovary)
  • Laterally – ovary and uterine tube, sidewall of pelvis (ischial spines)
  • Apex – cervix (ante or retro-verted)
43
Q

In bimanual / pelvic examination, which of the cervical fornices is the usually largest
and why? What structures can be palpated from each fornix?

A
  • Since the uterus is usually anteverted and anteflexed, the posterior fornix is the deepest
  • Palpation of the posterior fornix is used to assess posterior fundus, uterosacral ligaments, posterior broad ligaments/ovaries and Pouch of Douglas.
  • Palpation of the anterior fornix might address bladder, recto-pubic space
  • Palpation of the lateral fornices might address broad ligaments and associated structures. The Fallopian tubes and ovaries cannot normally be felt.

(4) Reproductive System - Sessions (16 decks)

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