Exam #6: Sleep

Question 1

What are the main types of brain waves?

Answer 1

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

Question 2

What frequency is associated with alpha waves?

Answer 2

8-13 Hz

**Slightly slower than Beta waves–imagine closing your eyes in lecture, but you’re still awake

Question 3

What frequency is associated with beta waves?

Answer 3

13-30Hz

*****These are the FASTEST waves & associated with the awake & alert individual

Question 4

What frequency is associated with theta waves?

Answer 4

4-7 Hz

**Associated with sleep

Question 5

What frequency is associated with delta waves?

Answer 5

0.5- 3.5 Hz

**Associated with sleep

Question 6

Which type of wave has a very low frequency, below 3.5 per second?

Answer 6

Delta waves

Question 7

Which type of wave is characteristic of an awake, alert adult whose eyes are open?

Answer 7

Beta

Question 8

What are the different sleep stages?

Answer 8

Stage 1 
Stage 2 
Stage 3 
Stage 4 
REM

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Stage 1?

Answer 9

This is the transition from wakefulness to sleep

*Theta waves are prominent

Question 10

What are the characteristics of Stage 2?

Answer 10

Light sleep

*K-complexes and sleep spindles are prominent

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Stage 3?

Answer 11

Moderately deep sleep

*Some delta waves

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Stage 4?

Answer 12

Deep sleep

*>50% delta waves

Question 13

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

Answer 13

REM= “Rapid Eye Movements”

• Decreased EMG activity
• Increased HR (irregular)
• Increased resipiration

**Characterized by low-voltage/ fast waves (beta) & saw-tooth waves

Question 14

What stage of sleep has the highest percent of time spent in delta waves?

Answer 14

Stage 4

Question 15

During which stage of sleep is there intense descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons?

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

Which stage of sleep is least likely during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep?

Answer 16

REM

Question 17

What sleep stage is associated with penile erection?

Answer 17

REM

Question 18

What are the different types of epilepsy discussed in class?

Answer 18

Grand mal
Petite mal
Simple partial
Complex partial

Question 19

What are the characteristics of a Grand Mal seizure?

Answer 19

This is now called a tonic-clonic seizure

• Loss of consciousness
• Tonic= period of increased tone
• Clonic= period of jerk movements
• Postictal state follows

Question 20

What are the characteristics of a Petite Mal seizure?

Answer 20

This is now called an absence seizure

• Transient loss of consciousness
• Muscle tone is maintained
• Subtle motor manifestations e.g. eye blinking
• No postictal state

Question 21

What are the characteristics of a Simple Partial seizure?

Answer 21

This is a focal type of seizure that does not affect consciousness e.g. Jacksonian motor seizures

Question 22

What are the characteristics of a Complex Partial seizure?

Answer 22

These are seizures that originate in the temporal or frontal lobe & affect consciousness

• Verbal automatisms
• Motor automatisms

Question 23

What are the stages of tonic - clonic seizures?

Answer 23

1) Tonic
2) Clonic
3) Postictal

Question 24

What type of epilepsy is characterized by EEG record of 3 per second spike and dome pattern?

Answer 24

Petite Mal

Question 25

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

Answer 25

• Sleep attacks
• Cataplexy (abrupt muscle weakness & hypotonia triggered by emotional stimulus
• Hypnagogic hallucinations i.e. hallucinations in transition between wakefullness & sleep

Question 26

What causes narcolepsy in humans?

Answer 26

• Reduction/ absence of hypothalamic cells that produce orexin/hypocretin
• Thought to be caused by an autoimmune attack

Question 27

What is a parasomnia?

Answer 27

Disorders of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

• Bed wetting
• Sleep walking
• Sleep terrors
• REM sleep behavioral disorder
• Sleep apnea

Question 28

What brain region and neurotransmitter is associated with REM sleep?

Answer 28

Reticular activating system

- Cholinergic

Question 29

What brain regions and neurotransmitters are associated with wakefulness?

Answer 29

1) Locus coeruleus–NE
2) Pontine raphe neuron–Serotonin
3) Posterior hypothalamus–histaminergic
4) Lateral hypothalamus- orexin

Question 30

What neurotransmitter is crucial for wakefulness?

Answer 30

Orexin in the lateral hypothalamus

Question 31

What brain region is associated with the onset of sleep?

Answer 31

VPLO–ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 32

What is a sensory evoked potentials? How are they measured? What is their clinical significance?

Answer 32

• This is a signals extracted from EEG following repeated stimulation of a sensory system
• Averaging the repeated stimuli will reduce “noise”

*****These have been well documented & standardized–abnormality in sensory evoked potential indicates an organic problem–also that these are done during SPINE SURGERY

Question 33

What is the location of the primary biological clock?

Answer 33

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

Question 34

Where melatonin is synthesized and released?

Answer 34

Pineal gland

Question 35

What is the role of melatonin in sleep?

Answer 35

Activates the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 36

Why do we sleep?

Answer 36

• Interstitial space enlarges and helps remove neurotoxins from the brain
• Sleep has an important role in learning & memory

Question 37

What is nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 37

Bed-wetting

Question 38

What is somnambulism?

Answer 38

Sleep-walking