Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Week 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

7

A 
Gas exchange-alveoli
pH balance
Voice production
Move Air
Conditions air
Filtration/protection
Olfaction (when youre trying to smell something you breath in a bunch of air)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What parts of the respiratory system are considered the respiratory portion and what parts are considered the conductin portion?

A

smallest bronchioles and alveoli are the respiratory protion because tehy are directly involved with gas exchange the others are conducting portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the muscous escaltor?

What kind of epithelial cells is it made of?

A 
Beating cilia: toward pharynx to be coughed out or swallowed
simple coulmnar(linings arent vasular)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we have the muscous escalator?

A

constantly circulating so it doesn’t get full of dirt, dust, pathogens, bacteria etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is there Respiratory

mucosa with mucous cells in the upper ar tract?

A

Air is the dirtiest when it comes in and needs to be filtered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is there Stratified

squamous epithelium in the pharynx?

A

to protect from abrasion, hot food, rough food and alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is there Respiratory

mucosa with mucous cells in the trachea?

A

Mucous needs to be moved up and down the escaltor to help filter but it cant stay there. Has to be cycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is there cuboidal epithelium in the bronchi?

A

smaller and thinner but still strong. Enough of a boundary so things wont just move back and forth all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is there simple squamous in the alveoli?

A

for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Abnormally sticky and thick mucus in conducting portions

Accumulates, blocking smaller passageways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can easily happen in stagnant mucous?

A

infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is phonation?

A

How you make one word verses another word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you control phonation?

A

Air-glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can you control pitch?

A

tension going through the vocal cords/length. Hold cords short and tight = higher sounds, cords are long and looser = lower sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do you control the loudness of your voice?

A

Amount of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structures enhance sounds quality?

4

A

Sinuses, shape of mouth, tongue, pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structures contribute to articulation?

5

A

tongue, lips, position of teeth, soft palate, how open your pharynx is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What part of the nervous system has control over the trachea?

A

Sympathetic control: increases diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the steps in the air conducting passageway of the lower respiratory tract
6

A

Trachea
Through your 2 primary bronchi
Through your left (2) and right(3) secondary bronchi
Through your tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles to pulmonary lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of response is bronchodilation?

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what kind of response is bronchoconstriction?

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the hilum of the lung located?

A

On the medial surface of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is in the hilum of the lung?

3

A

Pulmonay artery
Pulmonary vein
Bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of bronchioles attached to the alveoli air sacs?

A

respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles attach to the respiratory ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Alveoli have three types of special cells in them. What are they and what do they do?

A

Type II pneumocytes - surfactant
Type I pneumocytes- diffusion
Alveolar macrophages- phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List the layers of the respiratory membrane

3

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium
  2. Fused basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium
  3. Capillary epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

when gasses move into the tissues

-respiration between the blood and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Physically bringing in gases from the outside to bind up with hemoglobin and breathing out CO2
-between the outside world and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is boyles law?

A

PV= k
P= (k/V)
Volume is inversly proportional to pressure
(decreased volume = increase in pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does superior movement of the rib cag effect pressure and volume?

A

increases depth and width of thoracic cavity
= increase in volume
= decrease in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At the start of each breath how is pressure inside the lungs compared to pressure outside the lungs?

A

equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

fluid bond is broken pleura space and the lung collapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In inhalation the pressure inside the lungs what compared to the outside?

A

pressure inside the lungs falls and pressure outside the lung increases. Volume inside lung is higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does the pressure inside the lung during exhalation compare to the outside?

A

Pressure inside lung is greater and pressure outside lung is less
Volume inside the lung is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The air moved in and out in one inhalation/exhalation cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If the pressure is positive in your lungs where will air move?

A

Out of your lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are your accessory inspiratory muscles?

4

A

SCM
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are your primary inspiratory muscles?

2

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are your accessory expiratory muscles?

5

A 
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
external obliques
Internal obliques
Rectus abdominus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does a spirogram test?

A

Tests lung volume and capacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is respiratory minute volume and how is it calculated?

A

Volume of air moved each minute
Respiratory rate (breaths/minute)
X
Tidal Volume (volume of air moved with each breath)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

One breath is how many heart beats?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Compare alveolar ventilaiton to respiratory minute volume

A

Alveolar ventilation is always less than the respiratory minute volume (VE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is anatomic dead space (VD)?

A

Some air enters the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but never reaches the respiratory portion

46
Q

Where is anatomic dead space found?

A

conducting portions of the respiratory system

Bronchus for example

47
Q

How do we calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

breaths/min
X
(Tidal Volume-Anatomic dead space)

48
Q

What does gas diffusion depend on?

2

A 
Partial pressure (P)
Solubility
49
Q

What does daltons law state?

A

All the partial pressures will add up to the atmospheric pressure which is 760mm Hg

50
Q

Why do we want a lot of water on our alvoeli?

2

A

Protects our alveoli from drying out and also helps with surface tension

51
Q

What does henry’s law state?

A

At a given temperature, the amount of gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

Soda can that is closed and soda can that is open

52
Q

According to Henry’s law if partial pressure is decreased what will gas molcules do?

A

move out of the can in order to reach equilibrium

53
Q

External respiration is most associated with what kind of circuit?

A

pulmonary

54
Q

Internal respiraton is most assocuited with what kind of circuit?

A

systemic

55
Q

In external respiration where is O2 pressure higher and where does it move?

A

higher in the lungs so it moves to capillaries

56
Q

In external respiration where is CO2 pressure higher and where does it move?

A

Higher in pulmonary capillary so it moves to lungs (and is breathed out)

57
Q

In internal respiration where is O2 pressure higher and where does it move?

A

O2 is higher in capillaries so it moves into tissues

58
Q

In internal respiration where is CO2 pressure higher and where does it move?

A

CO2 is higher in the tissues so it moves into the capillaries

59
Q

What does hemoglobin carry?

A

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

60
Q

What does carbon dioxide do to a hemoglobin group?

A

It binds tighter to hemoglobin than Oxygen or CO2 and doesnt allow hemoglobin to pick up oxygen.

61
Q

How do you treat carbon monoxide poisening?

A

With really really high amounts of O2 to see if you can have a fast enough red blood cell turnover to save the patient

62
Q

How does partial pressure relate to oxyhemoglobin saturtation?

A

In the beginning you have a lot of open hemoglobins
As O2 pressure/volume rises you have less and less opportunities for open hemoglobins so
It becomes slower as you have less open hemoglobins

63
Q

How does turnover of binding hemoglobins change in active adn non active muscle?

A

In active muscle tissues the o2 will be able to hop on and off more quickly

64
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Hb’s O2 binding affinity is inversely related to:

Acidity
[CO2]

65
Q

How does oxyhemoglobin saturation change when pH is lower?

A

hemoglobin releases more oxygen at higher acidities because there is more CO2 at higher acidities so we want to give up our oxygen to get bad to a normal pH

66
Q

How does oxyhemoglobin saturation change when pH is high?

A

If the environment is basic then we stop tranporting so much CO2 and try to get more oxygen in our system.

67
Q

Low pH = what for oxyhemoglobin saturation?

A

releasing less oxygen

More O2 is bound to hem

68
Q

high pH = what for oxyhemoglobin saturation?

A

releasing more oxygen

Less O2 is bound to hem

69
Q

What affect does temperature have on oxyhemoglobin saturation?

A

If its colder then more O2 is bound to hemoglobin

If its warmer then more O2 is bound to hemoglobin

70
Q

What is the transport of CO2 produced by?

A

aerobic metabolism in tissues

71
Q

What are the steps in tranportation of CO2?

A
  1. Enters the bloodstream
  2. Converted to carbonic acid
  3. Binds hemoglobin OR is dissolved in plasma

(reversible)

72
Q

Why is Co2 converted to carbonic acid?

A

So that the concentration of Co2 seems lower than it actually is
-we want it to enter the cell to make bicarbonate and H+ which acts as a buffer and also brings Cl in to the cell

73
Q

What can blood pH tell you about gas levels?

A 
Low pH levels equals high CO2 and low oxygen binding to hemoglobin
High pH (alkaline environment)= Low CO2 and a lot of oxygen binding to hemoglobin
74
Q

What is compliance in the lungs?

A

Ease of expansion

75
Q

If compliance is too high what will happen in the lungs?

A

You have lost supporting tissue and some of your alveoli have been destroyed. This results in lower tension in the walls of the lungs

76
Q

If compliance is too low what will happen in the lungs?

A

The greater the tension in the walls of the lungs and the harder it will be for air to flow into conducting spaces

77
Q

What can cause low compliance?

A

Arthritis or skeletal disorders that affect the articulations of the ribs or spinal column

Respiratory ditress syndrome
-inadequate surfactant production leading to alveolar collapse

78
Q

compliance is related to tension how?

A

inversely

79
Q

Reistance is related to air flow how?

A

The higher the resistance the harder it is to force air along the conducting passages

Lower resistance = eaiser to push air flow

80
Q

How does bronchoconstriction affect resistance?

A

increases resistance as does excessive mucus

81
Q

What kind of response is bronchodilation?

A

sympathetic

82
Q

How does bronchodilation affect resistance?

A

lowers resistance

easier air flow

83
Q

What is Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

And what is it caused by?

A

Disorder that restricts airflow and decreases alveolar ventilation

Usually caused by smoking at some point in your life

84
Q

What is asthma?

Overall what do all its symptoms do to the bronchioles?

A 
Sensitivity to irritation
Constrict smooth muscles in bronchioles
Edema/swelling of mucosa
Increased mucus
Increases resistance
Allergies, toxins, exercise
85
Q

Why do we call chronic bronchitis patients blue bloaters?

A

They dont have enough oxygen coming in because of blockages/high resistance and because edema/swelling causes them to bloat

86
Q

Why are emphysema patients called pink puffers?

A

They have lots of oxygen because the lungs overexpand and they cant exhale CO2. They are usually pretty thin because of all the muscle it takes to breath in and out. puffing heavily

87
Q

What do Level 1: Respiratory rhythmicy centers do?

3

A
  1. Generate cycles of contraction and relaxation in the diaphragm, 2. Establish pace of respiration, 3. Modify activity in response to chemical and pressure signals.
88
Q

What do Level 2: Apneustic and

Pneumotaxic Centers do?

A

Adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmicity centers

89
Q

What do Level 3: Higher Centers do?

A

Can alter the activity of

pneumotaxic centers.

90
Q

What does the DRG (dorsal respiratory centers) control?

A

Normal breathing of the external intercostals and diaphragm

91
Q

What does the VRG (ventral respiratory centers) control?

A

When quiet/normal breathing isnt enough and demand for air is higher

92
Q

When you are resting what muscels are doing all the work?

A

inspiratory muscles

93
Q

Chemoreceptors in the respiratory system are sensitive to what?

A

pH, Po2, Pco2, in blood or CSF

94
Q

Where are baroreceptors in the body that affect respiration?

A

aortic and carotid sinuses

95
Q

Stretch receptors in the respiratory system respond to what changes?

A

changes in the volume of the lungs (inflation and deflation)

96
Q

What happens if aterial partial pressure of CO2 is high (hypercapnia)?
List steps
3

A
  1. Stimulation of aterial chemoreceptors which would increase the CO2 partial pressure in the CSF and decrease pH
  2. This would lead to stimulation of respiratory muscles and stimulatio of CSF chemoreceptors at the medulla oblongata
  3. increases respiratory rate with increased elimination of CO2 at the alveoli
97
Q

What happens if aterial partial pressure of CO2 is low (hypocapnia)?
list steps

A
  1. inhibition of aterial chemoreceptors and decrease of CO2 partial pressure in CSF.
  2. Lead to inhibition of respiratory muscles and decreased stimulation of CSF chemoreceptors
  3. Decreased respiratory rate with decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli
98
Q

How does low respiratory minute volume affect arterial pressure?

Why?

A

increases aterial blood pressure

Dropping the amount of gases so that in turn drops the amountof pressure

99
Q

How does high respiratory minute volume affect arterial pressure?

A

low aterial blood pressure

100
Q

What stops inhalation?

A

inhibition of respiratory muscles by the DRG

101
Q

How does exhalation start?

A

VRG stimulates expiratory muscles

102
Q

What starts inhalation?

A

Activation of the DRG and inspiratory centers in the VRG

103
Q

What stops exhalation?

A

The expiratory centers of the VRG are inhibited

104
Q

What is sneezing?

A

Irritation of the nasal cavity

105
Q

What is coughing?

A

Irritation of larynx, trachea or bronchi

106
Q

What is apnea?

A

breathing stops

107
Q

At what point is lung cancer irreversible?

A

Neoplasia and Anaplasia

108
Q

What types of receptors monitor respiration?

3

A

Chemoreceptors-pH, pressure of CO2 and O2, any other chemical (irritants)
Baroreceptors- blood pressure as a whole
Stretch receptors-mechanoreceptors- stretch in alveoli and smooth muscel in the bronchioles(signal expiration)

109
Q

What specifically do they monitor, and how do they affect respiration?
4

A

pH, pressure, volume, irritants

110
Q

What gas laws are important for respiration?

4

A

Bohr= high o2 binding affinity = low acidity and low CO2 (high pH)
Boyles=Pressure and volume are inversely related
Henry’s = gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
Daltons=atmospheric pressure is a sum of all the partial pressures of the gases. Maintains 760

Physiology Week 4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions