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Animal Nutrition > Test 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sciences involved in nutrition?

A

Chemistry and biology (biochemistry)

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2
Q

What did Hypocrites hypothesize and when?

A

In 460 BC, he hypothesized that there are many foods, but one nutrient. We eat food to get energy.

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3
Q

What and when did Antoine Lavoisier conclude?

A

Respiration is a combustible process. 1700s

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4
Q

What did Antoine Lavoisier find?

A

A chemical basis for nutrition

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5
Q

What did Lavoisier measure?

A

Body heat, CO2 loss, and O2 consumed

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6
Q

How many nutrients have to be in the body or diet for proper function? How many are there total?

A

40

80

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7
Q

What is the primary objective of animal nutrition?

A

Provide various nutrients to the animal for maintenance, health, and production.

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8
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities.

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9
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals.

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10
Q

What is digestion?

A

The combination of mechanical chemical and enzymatic processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing solubility.

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11
Q

What is absorption?

A

The passage or movement of the end products of digestion through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation.

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12
Q

What is distribution?

A

Movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via blood stream.

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13
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substance is produced and maintained.

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14
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism, Catabolism

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15
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells to more complex compounds.

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16
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Any destructive process by which complex substance are converted by living cells to more simple compounds.

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17
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism. Primarily from kidneys

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18
Q

What is the breakdown of feed in the GI tract?

A

Nutrients are digested in gut… absorbed in gut…distributed in blood… metabolism by living cells…excreted

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19
Q

What is considered maintenance?

A

Heat (body temp)
Internal Physiological Processes
External movement
Replacement/repair body tissues

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20
Q

What are 4 internal physiological processes?

A

Respiration
Circulation
Peristalsis
Nervous system

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21
Q

What 7 things are considered production?

A 
Growth
Milk
Fiber (wool,mohair)
Fattening
Egg production
Reproduction
Work/activity
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22
Q

What do glycolysis and krebs cycle do? What type of metabolic process?

A

Break glucose down to pyruvate

Catabolism

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23
Q

What do Transcription and translation do? What type of metabolic process?

A

Turn amino acids to protein

Anabolism

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24
Q

What does Triglyceride synthesis do? What type of metabolic process?

A

Turns fatty acids to triglyceride

Anabolism

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25
Q

What does β oxidation do? What type of metabolic process?

A

Turns fatty acids to energy

Catabolism

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26
Q

What do β oxidation and glycolysis make?

A

Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

A common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

28
Q

What is feedstuff?

A

Any material of natural to synthetic origin fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them.

29
Q

What are the 3 types of feedstuff?

A

Natural
Natural processed
Synthetic

30
Q

What is considered natural feedstuff?

A

Corn, wheat, barley, oats.

31
Q

What is considered natural processed feedstuff?

A

SBM, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, corn gluten feed

32
Q

What is considered synthetic feedstuff?

A

Crystalline amino acids and vitamins

33
Q

What is a diet?

A

Combination of feedstuffs used to supply nourishment to the animal.

34
Q

What is a ration?

A

Amount of a diet consumed by an animal in a 24 hour period.

35
Q

What is a supplement?

A

Feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal.

36
Q

What is concentrate?

A

Feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber.

37
Q

What is roughage?

A

Feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber.

38
Q

What are the 6 (7) nutrient classes?

A 
Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Oxygen (not a dietary nutrient)
39
Q

What is a protein?

A

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

40
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

simple (glucose); starch, fiber

41
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats, glycerol backbone, and 3 fatty acids.

Most concentrated form of energy.

42
Q

What vitamins are soluble?

A

Fat: A,D,E,K
Water: B complex & C

43
Q

What are the 2 types of minerals

A

Macro and micro

44
Q

What is proximate analysis used for? Where was it developed?

A

Used to evaluate nutritive content of feeds. Developed in 1860’s at the Weende Experiment Station, Germany.

45
Q

What are the 6 parts to proximate analysis?

A 
Moisture
Ash
Kjeldahl N
Ether extract
Crude fiber
N Free Extract
46
Q

What temperature does the water evaporate?

A

100ºC

47
Q

What does Ash burn in? What temperature?

A

Muffle furnace

400-600ºC

48
Q

What is the protein amount in Kjeldahl N?

A

6.25 x %N

49
Q

How do you determine the protein composition?

A

Boil in H2SO4 and distill ammonia

50
Q

How do you do ether extract?

A

Boil in either and distill remaining fat

51
Q

How do you evaluate crude fiber?

A

Acid base hydrolysis
boil in weak acid then weak base.
Determine carbohydrates

52
Q

How do you figure N Free Extract?

A

Calculate the difference.

Determines remaining carbohydrates

53
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process of trapping solar energy to make nutrients

54
Q

What are the types of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions and dark reactions

55
Q

What do light reactions need?

A

Chlorophyll

56
Q

What do dark reactions need?

A

ATP to make glucose

57
Q

What is the stem used for?

A

Structure

58
Q

What does the stem contain?

A

Cellulose and lignin. High carbohydrate content

59
Q

What are the leaves for?

A

Photosynthesis

60
Q

What do leaves require?

A

Enzymes

61
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein

62
Q

What are leaves high in?

A

Protein

63
Q

What are seeds used for?

A

Germination and reproduction

Storage site of nutrients.

64
Q

What are the 2 types of seeds?

A

Cereal grains and oil-bearing seeds

65
Q

What do cereal grains store energy as?

A

CHO, corn wheat, barley

66
Q

What do oil bearing seeds store energy as?

A

Lipid(oil), soybean, cottonseed, peanut

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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