Physics > 4.6 Waves > Flashcards

4.6 Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of waves?

A

Transverse or longitudinal

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2
Q

What is an example of transverse wave?

A

The ripples on a water surface

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3
Q

What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

A

Sound waves travel through air

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4
Q

What do longitudinal waves show?

A

Areas of compression and rarefaction

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5
Q

What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

A

Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer of waves whereas longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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6
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave ?

A

The maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position

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7
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave

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8
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

The number of waves passing a point each second

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9
Q

How to calculate the period?

A

1/frequency

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10
Q

What is the symbol for period?

A

T

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11
Q

What is the wave speed?

A

The speed at which the energy is transferred ( or the wave moves) through the medium

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12
Q

What is the equation for wave speed?

A

Frequency. Wavelength

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13
Q

What is the symbol for wave speed and what is it measured in?

A

V in metres per second

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14
Q

What is the symbol for frequency and what is it measured in?

A

f in hertz Hz

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15
Q

What is the symbol for wavelength and what is it measured in?

A

wavelength, λ, in metres, m

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16
Q

Where can waves be reflected?

A

At the boundary between two different materials

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17
Q

Where can waves be absorbed or transmitted?

A

At the boundary between 2 different materials

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18
Q

What can sound waves travel through and what do they cause?

A

Through solids causing vibrations in the solid

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19
Q

What do sound waves do within the ear?

A

Cause the ear drum and other parts to vibrate which causes the sensation of sound

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20
Q

What works over a limited frequency range?

A

The conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids

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21
Q

What restricts the limits of human hearing?

A

The fact that the conversion of sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a limited frequency range

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22
Q

What is the range of normal human hearing?

A

20Hz to 20kHz

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23
Q

What can be used both for detection and exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation?

A

The differences in velocity absorption and reflection between different types of wave in solids and liquid

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24
Q

What do ultrasound waves have which is higher than the upper limit of hearing for humans ?

A

A higher frequency

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25
What happens to ultrasound waves ?when they meet a boundary between 2 different media.
They are partially reflected
26
What can be used to determine how far away such a boundary is and what does this allow?
The time taken for the reflections to reach a detector and this allows ultrasound waves to be used for both medical and industrial images
27
What are seismic waves produced by?
Earthquake
28
What are P waves?
Longitudinal, seismic waves
29
What do P waves travel at different speeds through ?
Solids and liquids
30
What are S waves?
Transverse seismic waves
31
What can S waves not travel through?
Liquid
32
What do P and S waves provide evidence for?
The structure and size of the Earths core
33
What is echo sounding and what is it used for?
Using high frequency sound waves is used to determine objects in deep water and measure water depth
34
seismic waves provide new evidence that led to what?
Discoveries about parts of the Earth which are not directly observable
35
What are electromagnetic waves?
Transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber
36
What do electromagnetic waves form and they travel at the same velocity through what?
Form a continuous spectrum and travel at the same velocity through a vacuum or air
37
What are the waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum grouped in?
In terms of their wavelength and their frequency
38
List all the waves on the electromagnetic spectrum from, long wavelength/ low frequency to short wavelength /high frequency
Radio waves microwaves infrared visible light ultraviolet X-rays gamma rays
39
What do our eyes only detect?
Visible light and so detect a limited range of electromagnetic waves
40
What do different substances do to electromagnetic waves in ways that vary with wavelength?
Absorb transmit refract or reflect
41
What is refraction do to?
The difference in velocity of the waves in different substances
42
How can radio waves be produced?
By oscillations in electrical circuits
43
What may radio waves create when absorbed and what happens?
An alternating current with the same frequency as the radio wave itself so radio waves can themselves induce oscillations in an electrical circuit
44
What can changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms result in?
Electromagnetic waves being generated or absorbed over a wide frequency range
45
What do gamma rays originate from?
Changes in the nucleus of an atom
46
What waves can have a hazardous effect on human body tissue?
Ultraviolet waves x rays and gamma rays
47
What do the effects of waves damaging body tissue depend on?
The type of radiation and the size of the dose
48
What is radiation dose?
A measure of the risk of harm result from an exposure of the body to the radiation
49
1000 millisieverts =?
1 sievert
50
What waves can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer?
Ultraviolet waves
51
What are x rays and gamma rays and what can they cause?
They are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer
52
What are the practical applications for radio waves?
Television and radio
53
What are the practical applications for microwaves?
Satellite communications cooking food
54
What are the practical applications for infrared!
Electrical heaters , cooking food, infrared cameras
55
What are the practical applications for visible light?
Fibre optic communication
56
What are the practical applications for ultraviolet?
Energy efficient lamps sun tanning
57
What are the practical applications for x rays and gamma rays?
Medical imaging and treatments
58
How does a lease form an image?
By refracting light
59
What happens in a convex lens ?
Parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principle focus .
60
What is the focal length of?
The distance from the lens to the principal focus
61
What are ray diagrams used for?
To show the formation of images by convex and concave lenses
62
What can the image produced by a convex lens either be?
Real or virtual
63
What is the image produced by a concave lens always?
Virtual
64
What is the equation for magnification?
Image height / object height
65
What is magnification measured in?
Magnification is a ratio and so has no units
66
How is a convex lens represented in ray diagrams?
A vertical line with two arrow head pointing away from the line attached to each end
67
How is a concave lens represented in ray diagrams?
A vertical line with two arrow head pointing towards the line
68
What does each colour within the visible light spectrum have?
Its own narrow band of wavelength and frequency
69
What is specular reflection?
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction
70
What is diffuse reflection?
Reflection from a rough surface causes scattering
71
How do colour filters work?
By absorbing certain wavelengths and transmitting other wavelengths
72
What is the colour of an opaque object determined by?
Which wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected
73
What happens to wavelengths that are not reflected?
They are absorbed
74
What happens if all wavelengths are reflected equally?
The object appears white
75
What happens is all wavelengths are absorbed?
The object appears black
76
What are objects that transmit light?
Either transparent or translucent
77
What do all bodies do no matter what temperature?
Emit and absorb infrared radiation
78
The hotter the body the more……
Infrared radiation it radiates in a given time
79
What is a perfect black body ?
An object that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it
80
What does a black body not do?
Reflect or transmit any radiation
81
What is the best possible emitter?
Since a good absorber is also a goood emitter a perfect black body would be the best possible emmitter
82
What do all bodies do?
Emit radiation
83
What does the intensity and wavelength distribution of any emissions depend on?
The temperature of the body
84
What does a body at constant temperature do and when does the temperature increases?
Absorbing radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation and it increases when the body absorbed more radiation faster than it emits radiation
85
What does the temperature of the earth depend on ?
The rates of absorption and emission of radiation, reflection of radiation into space
86
What is angle of incidence equal to?
Angle of reflection
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