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Biology GCSE > Use Of Biological Resources (11) > Flashcards

Use Of Biological Resources (11) Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic modification in plants is _________ difficult. This is because they’re ________-cellular. You have to introduce a new _________ into plant cells and produce a new plant from these few cells.

A

More
Multi
Gene

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2
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Moving useful genes from one organism’s chromosomes to another

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3
Q

___________ can be used to cut up DNA or join DNA pieces together

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

_____________ enzymes recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points

A

Restriction

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5
Q

___________ enzymes are used to join 2 pieces of DNA together

A

Ligase

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6
Q

2 different pieces of DNA stuck together are known as ______________ DNA

A

Recombinant

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7
Q

What is a vector

A

Something that’s used to transfer something into a cell

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8
Q

What can vectors be used to do

A

Insert DNA into other organisms

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9
Q

What are the 2 sorts of vector

A

Plasmids

Viruses

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10
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria

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11
Q

Viruses _________ DNA into the organisms they infect

A

Insert

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12
Q

Genetic engineering:
The DNA you want to insert is cut out with a ________________ enzyme. The __________ DNA is then cut open using the same _______________ enzyme.
The vector DNA and the DNA you’re inserting are mixed together with __________ enzymes
The __________ join the 2 pieces of DNA together to produce ________________ DNA
The _______________ DNA is inserted into other cells.
These cells can now use the gene you inserted to make the protein you want. (E.g. bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a ______________)

A 
Restriction
Vector
Restriction
Ligase
Ligases
Recombinant
Recombinant
Fermenter
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13
Q

Bacteria that contain the gene for human insulin are ______________

A

Transgenic

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14
Q

What does it mean if something is transgenic

A

They contain genes transferred from another species

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15
Q

Uses of genetically modified plants

A 
Insulin
Biological washing powders
Glucose isomerase
Human growth hormone
Cattle growth hormone
Vaccines
Clotting factors - to treat haemophilia
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16
Q

How is genetically modified bacteria useful for humans with diabetes

A

Large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter

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17
Q

What are clones

A

Genetically identical organisms

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18
Q

By what process are plants cloned

A

By micropropagation (tissue culture)

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19
Q

Micropropagation:
A plant with desirable characteristics selected to be cloned. Small pieces (_________) are taken from the _______ of the stems and the side shoot of this plant
The explants are _____________ to kill any ________________
The explants are put in a petri dish containing a __________ medium which contains everything the explants need to grow including ___________ hormones
Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small _________. If large quantities of the plant are required, further ___________ can be taken from these plants etc.
The small plants are then taken out of the medium, planted in ________ and put into glasshouses - they’ll develop into plants that are genetically _____________ to the original

A 
Explants
Tip
Sterilised
Microorganisms
Nutrient
Growth
Explants
Soil
Identical
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20
Q

How to clone a mammal:
Remove the __________ of an _______ cell creating an enucleated cell
A diploid _________ (from a different mammal) is inserted in its place
The cell is then stimulated with ______________ so that it starts dividing by ___________, as if it were a normal fertilised egg.
The dividing cell is then implanted into the ___________ of a 3rd mammal until it’s ready to be born
Cloned mammal will be born and it will be identical to the sheep which it shares a ___________ with

A 
Nucleus
Egg
Nucleus
Electricity
Mitosis
Uterus
Nucleus
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21
Q

Benefit of cloning:

A

Useful genetic characteristics will alsways be passed on
Infertile animals can be cloned
Organ transplantation

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22
Q

Risks of cloning:

A

Cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal ones
Difficult, time consuming and expensive
May have unforeseen consequences

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23
Q

Ways you artificially create the ideal conditions for photosynthesis:
Keep plants enclosed in a ________________ to keep them safe from ________ and ___________
Give them artificial light after the ______ has gone down
Glasshouses trap heat to keep the plants warm. What might a farmer do in the winter?

A

Greenhouse/glasshouse
Pests and diseases
Sun
Use a heater

24
Q

Name a great type of heater

A

A paraffin heater gives off co2 as a by-product

25
Q

If the rate of photosynthesis is increased, the plants will grow ___________ and __________ and crop yields will be ___________

A

Faster and bigger

Higher

26
Q

How do fertilisers help crop yield

A

They ensure that the plants have the right nutrients

27
Q

Which elements do plants need in particular

A

Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus

28
Q

Why might certain elements be missing from the soil

A

They may have been used up by a previous crop

29
Q

What are pests

A

Insects, microorganisms and mammals which feed on crops

30
Q

____________ control is another alternative to using pesticides. It means using other __________ to reduce the numbers of pests

A

Biological

Organisms

31
Q

How could introducing a predator be useful for crops

A

It could kill whatever is eating the crops

32
Q

How could introducing a parasite be useful for crops

A

A parasite (a fly) could lay its eggs on a something eating the crops (a snail) which eventually kill them

33
Q

How could introducing bacteria be useful for crops

A

Bacteria could affect something that eats crops (a caterpillar)

34
Q

What is a benefit of biologic control

A

It has longer-lasting effects than spraying pesticides and could be less harmful to wildlife

35
Q

What is a problem with biological control

A

Introducing new organisms can cause problems (cane toads were introduced to Australia to eat beetles, but now they are a major pest themselves)

36
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Mating the best organisms to get good offspring

37
Q

Animals are selectively bred to develop good features such as:

A 
Maximum yield of meat
Maximum yield of milk
Good health / disease resistant
Speed
Fertility
38
Q

Plants can be selectively bred to develop good features such as:

A

Attractive flowers

Nice smell

39
Q

How to selectively breed:

A

Find the part of your stock with the best characteristics
Breed them with each other
Select the best offspring and breed them together
Continue this process over several generations and it all just gets better and better

40
Q

Selective breeding can be used to ___________ 2 different desirable characters. If you cross-breed 2 different organisms - you can get the perfect ____

A

Desirable

Mix

41
Q

What are fish farms

A

Big enclosures or tanks where fish are raised for food

42
Q

Fish farms rear fish in a controlled way that’s designed to produce as many ________ as possible

A

Fish

43
Q

Why are fish kept in cages in sea

A

To stop them using as much energy swimming about

44
Q

What does the cage protect the fish from

A

Predators (birds, seals)

45
Q

Fish in a fish farm are fed a diet of food pellets that’s carefully controlled to ___________ the amount of energy they get. The better the quality of food, the ___________ and ___________ the fish will grow. Why is this good for us?

A

Maximise
Quicker
Bigger
We get to eat more (better yield)

46
Q

Young fish are reared in special tanks to ensure what?

A

As many survive as possible

47
Q

It’s important to keep younger fish __________ from bigger fish and to provide regular ________ - this makes sure that the big fish don’t eat the little ones. This is __________________ predation

A

Separate
Food
Intraspecific

48
Q

Fish kept in cages are more ___________ to disease and parasites

A

Prone

49
Q

One pest is sea lice, which can be treated with _____________ which kill them. To avoid pesticides, biological pest control can be used instead

A

Pesticides

50
Q

Fish in a fish farm can be selectively ______ to produce ______ aggressive, _________-growing fish

A

Bred
Less
Faster

51
Q

Fish can be farmed in ________ too

A

Tanks

52
Q

Freshwater fish can be farmed in ponds or indoors in tanks where conditions can be _____________. This is especially useful for controlling the water ____________

A

Controlled

Quality

53
Q

In tanks, the water can be monitored to check what 3 things

A

Temperature
pH
Oxygen levels

54
Q

In tanks, it’s easy to control how much ________ is supplied as well as to give exactly the right sort of _________

A

Food

Food

55
Q

In tanks, the water can be removed and _____________ to get rid of __________ _______ and fish _______. This keeps the water _________ for the fish and avoids ____________ wherever the water ends up

A 
Filtered
Waste food
Poo
Clean
Pollution

Biology GCSE (28 decks)

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