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Neurology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

When you apply massage to a client, you are directly stimulating ______________ and cutaneous _____________ receptors.

A

nociceptors and cutaneous mechano receptors.

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2
Q

The stimulus of the massage you apply travels along ________ (or ___________) neurons

A

Sensory or afferent neurons

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3
Q

Massage causes changes at the CNS in ____ modulation; Release of ______ into the CSF; Release of neurotransmitters in the _ _ _; and _ _ _ modulation

A

Pain modulation
Release of neurotransmitters
in the CNS and ANS modulation

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4
Q

Massage stimuli normally travels up the __________ (______) column of the spinal cord.

A

Posterior (Dorsal)

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5
Q

Massage stimuli normally travels up to the ________ __________ Nucleus (or VPLN and VPMN) of the thalamus.

A

Ventral Posterior

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6
Q

Massage stimuli normally travels up to the primary _____________ cortex of the cerebral cortex.

A

somatosensory

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7
Q

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _______ nervous system and __________ nervous system.

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system consists of the ____________ and ________________ nervous system.

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

The __________ nerves of the peripheral nervous system are the sensory neurons that bring sensory input to the CNS.

A

Afferent nerves

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10
Q

The sympathetic nervous system mediates visceral responses for “______ or ______” situations.

A

Fight or Flight

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11
Q

The most common input of a neuron is at the _________.

A

Dendrite

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12
Q

The most common output region of a neuron is the ____ terminal and its _________ ___ bulb.

A

Axon terminal and its synaptic end bulb

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13
Q

The axon’s electrical insulating covering is the _______ sheath

A

myelin sheath

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14
Q

__________ neurons have multiple dendrites coming off the cell body; are the ____ common structural type of neurons; and can receive many axo-_________ synapses.

A

Multipolar neurons
most common and
can receive axo-dendritic synapses

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15
Q

General _______ efferent nerves innervate skeletal muscle cells.

A

somatic

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16
Q

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called a _____.

A

nerve

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17
Q

____ matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites and synapses.

A

Gray

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18
Q

The average resting membrane potential is ___ mv.

A

-70

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19
Q

______ ion channels can be opened via mechanical stimuli; electrical stimuli; chemical stimuli (e.g. neurotransmitters); and light stimuli.

A

Gated

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20
Q

_________ is when all of the electrically gated Na+ Channels open at a trigger zone; usually about ___ mv; and is the electrical depolarization at which an _____ potential is begun.

A

Threshold
-55mv
action

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21
Q

_______ axons are the widest axons; have the thickest myelin sheaths; and conduct action potentials at the fastest possible speeds (e.g. 120 m/s).

A

Alpha

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22
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) result when Na+ ions enter a dendrite at a _______; are weak, passive input signals/membrane depolarizations; and can be added up (or ________) to depolarize the trigger zone to threshold

A

synapse

summated

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23
Q

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is _________.

A

glutamate

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24
Q

________ Summation can best be described as the buildup of ESPSs from a single pre-synaptic neurons firing in succession.

A

Temporal

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25
Q

The three (3) main parts of the typical (chemical) synapse are the axon _________/____ _____, ________ ______, and a postsynaptic ________._

A

Terminal/end bulb
Synaptic cleft
receptor

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26
Q

The trigger zone region of most sensory neurons is the _____ ________.

A

axon hillock

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27
Q

The __________ mater is the middle layer of the meninges.

A

Arachnoid

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28
Q

In the normal adult the spinal cord ends at the ___/___ vertebral level.

A

L1/L2

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29
Q

The spinal cord receives lateral stability from the _____________ ligaments.

A

denticilate

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30
Q

The spinal nerve roots that travel in the vertebral canal after L2 form the ______ _______.

A

cauda equina

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31
Q

The _______ canal travels down the middle of the spinal cord gray matter; contains _____________ fluid; and transports endorphin and enkephlins down to modulate _____.

A

central
cerebrospinal
pain

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32
Q

The main sensory region of the spinal cord gray matter is the __________ (or ______) horn.

A

posterior (dorsal)

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33
Q

The main sensory region of the spinal cord white matter is the _________ (or ______) horn.

A

posterior (dorsal)

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34
Q

Most sensory tracts ascend up the spinal cord in the __________ column.

A

posterior

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35
Q

The sensory tract that relays pain information to the brain is the _____________ tract.

A

Spinothalamic

36
Q

The motor tract that relays cortical motor instructions to the spinal cord is the _____________ tract.

A

corticospinal

37
Q

A fast predictable automatic response to an environmental change is called a _______.

A

reflex

38
Q

The functions of the spinal cord include the ________ function whereby it relays impulses between the body and the brain and __________ function whereby it is the integrating center for spinal reflexes.

A

conduit

integrative

39
Q

The 5 components of a reflex arc (in proper order) are ________, _______ neuron, ___________ center, ______ neuron, and _________.

A 
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integrating center
Motor neuron
Effector

(Rats sit in mini eggs)

40
Q

The stretch reflex, the autogenic inhibition (or tendon) reflex and the segmental nociceptor reflex are all ______________ spinal reflexes.

A

monosegmental

41
Q

The flexor withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex are both ______________ spinal reflexes.

A

extrasegmental

42
Q

1 intact spinal segment, 1 sensory receptor type, and 1 joint motor response are features of _____________ spinal reflexes.

A

monosegmental

43
Q

The ______ _______ is a muscle length receptor; responds to unexpected quick stretches; and stimulates the stretch reflex.

A

muscle spindle

44
Q

The _______ ______ protects the muscle from being over stretched; is stimulated by a quick stretch; and stimulates the agonist to contract.

A

lumbar plexus

45
Q

The lumbar plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves ___-___.

A

L1-L4

46
Q

Massage can stimulate opioid release, which can reduce ____ and/or increase _________.

A

reduce pain

increase pleasure

47
Q

The ________ nerve is fed by spinal nerves ___-___; innervates the diaphragm; and is the most important nerve for breathing.

A

phrenic

C3-C5

48
Q

Main branches of the _______ plexus include sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves.

A

sacral

49
Q

The sacral plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves of ___-___.

A

L4-S4

50
Q

The proper order of structures of the brachial plexus (proximal to distal) is _____, ______, __________, ______, _________.

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches

(Remember to drop carrots bellow)

51
Q

Main branches of the _________ plexus include musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial and ulnar nerves.

A

Brachial

52
Q

The _________________ nerve innervates the coracobrachialis, biceps brachiiI and brachialis.

A

Musculocutaneous

53
Q

The ________ nerve innervates the hamstrings.

A

Sciatic

54
Q

Damage to the _______ nerve can result in Ape hand deformity.

A

Median

55
Q

Damage to the _______ nerve can result in Wrist drop deformity.

A

Radial

56
Q

Damage to the ______ nerve can result in Claw hand deformity.

A

Ulnar

57
Q

When massaging a client, you cause their blood pressure and heart rate to decrease while stimulating the immune, digestive and integumentary systems by activating the ______________ nervous system.

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

The _______ nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central

59
Q

Regarding the nervous system: ________: detect changes both internally and externally and sends it to the CNS; ___________: interprets these changes, compares it to past experience, and decides on a course of action; ________: reacts or responds to these changes; can be muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

A

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

60
Q

Gaps in the ________ ________ are called Nodes of Ranvier or Neurofibril Nodes; are important for ___________ conduction which causes action potentials to jump from node to node; and are spaces between individual Oligodendrocytes or Neurolemmocytes.

A

Myelin sheath

Salutatory

61
Q

Regarding nerves: a dendrite is a nerve fiber that ________ impulses from other neurons; an axon _______ an impulse to another neuron or to an effector cell; and a _________ is a place where two neurons meet.

A

receives
sends
synapse

62
Q

A cell is said to be ___________ when the charge is different on both sides of the cell membrane.

A

polarized

63
Q

The speed of the action potential is based on the ____________ of the axon and the presence of ________.

A

diameter

myelin

64
Q

__________ conduction occurs at the neurofibril node and jumps from one node to the next.

A

Saltatory

65
Q

The two phases of an action potential are ______________ and ______________.

A

depolarization and repolarization

66
Q

A _________ is the place where two neurons meet; a neuron meets a muscle; and a neuron meets a gland.

A

synapse

67
Q

Based on which structures are connecting, Axosomatic is where an ______ of pre-synaptic connects to ______ of a post-somatic neuron.

A

axon

soma

68
Q

The neuron before the synaptic cleft, that releases neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is called the ____-__________ neuron.

A

pre-synaptic

69
Q

A __________ is the site of where two neurons or a neuron and an effector meet.

A

synapse

70
Q

The vertebral body, the intervertebral disc, the pedicles and lamina make up the __________ canal.

A

vertebral

71
Q

The ______ __________ is an extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

A

filum terminale

72
Q

A section of the spinal cord and the two spinal nerves emerging from it is the ________ ______ segment.

A

spinal cord

73
Q

The lateral spinothalamic tracts convey sensations of ______ and ____________.

A

pain and temperature

74
Q

The fascia that surrounds a single nerve fiber is the ___________

A

endoneurium

75
Q

There are 8 pairs of __________ spinal nerves.

A

cervical

76
Q

The brachial plexus originates from ___ to ___ nerve root spinal segments.

A

from C5 to T1

77
Q

The cervical plexus originates from ___ - ___ spinal nerve roots.

A

C1-C5

78
Q

The brachial plexus originates from ___ - ___ spinal nerve roots.

A

C5-T1

79
Q

A person with _______ ________ syndrome would have sensory deficit on the palmar surface of the thumb and lateral 2½ fingers.

A

Carpal Tunnel

80
Q

The nerve that innervates the diaphragm is the ________ nerve.

A

phrenic

81
Q

The lumbar plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots ___ - ___.

A

L1-L4

82
Q

The sacral plexus originates from the ventral rami of nerve roots ___ – ___.

A

L4-S4

83
Q

A patient has difficulty flexing his hip and extending his knee due to a nerve injury. The ________ nerve was most likely injured.

A

Femoral

84
Q

The nerve supplying the biceps femoris muscle is the ________ nerve.

A

sciatic

85
Q

The tibial and Common peroneal nerves make up the ________ nerve.

A

sciatic

Neurology (3 decks)

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