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Oncology II > Chapter 35: Male Reproductive and Genitourinary Tumors > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Male Reproductive and Genitourinary Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

A total dose of 7200 cGy in fractions of 180 cGy is used to treat which male reproductive cancer?

A

Prostate

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2
Q

A total dose of 2500 cGy in fractions of 160 cGy is used to treat which male reproductive cancer?

A

Testicle

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3
Q

Which cancer can be treated using a water bath to provide dose homogeneity by compensating for the irregular surface with tissue-equivalent material?

A

Penis

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4
Q

Cancer of which urinary organ is most common?

A

Bladder

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5
Q

Cancer of which of the following male reproductive system components is most common?

A

Prostate

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6
Q

What is the most common form of kidney cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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7
Q

What is the most common form of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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8
Q

What is the standard dose used when irradiating the entire bladder?

A

4500 to 5000 cGy

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9
Q

What is the most common form of testicular cancer?

A

Germ cell tumors

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10
Q

What is the most common form of penile cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

What region might receive prophylactic radiation therapy for advanced right-sided testicular cancer?

A

Left SCV nodes

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12
Q

What is the primary treatment option for kidney cancer?

A

Surgery

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13
Q

What is the most common symptom of testicular cancer?

A

Painless mass

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14
Q

What is the 5-year survival of all stages of testicular cancer combined?

A

50%

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15
Q

What is the treatment of choice for testicular cancers?

A

Surgery

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16
Q

What is the 5-year survival of all stages of prostate cancer combined?

A

99%

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17
Q

Who has the most significant risk of developing prostate cancer?

A

70-year-old black male

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18
Q 
Which of the following treatment techniques are most frequently used when irradiating the prostate? 
I. Supine positioning
II. Prone positioning
III. Full bladder
IV. Empty bladder
A

a. I and III
I. Supine positioning
III. Full bladder

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19
Q

Which of the following cancers is most likely to occur in a 27-year-old male?

A

Testicle

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20
Q

Which of the following is least likely to be used in the management of a patient with prostate cancer?

A

Chemotherapy

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21
Q

Which lymph node chains will be treated if a man is diagnosed with right-sided testicular cancer that has not spread outside the testicle?
I. Right SCV nodes
II. Para-aortic nodes
III. Right inguinal nodes

A

II and III
II. Para-aortic nodes
III. Right inguinal nodes

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22
Q

Which of the following treatment techniques can be used to treat the prostate?

a. 4-field box
b. IMRT
c. Brachytherapy
d. All of the above

A

All of the above

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23
Q

Kidney carcinoma can be attributed to which of the following?
I. Cigarette use
II. Obesity
III. Betel nut chewing

A

I and II
I. Cigarette use
II. Obesity

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24
Q

To which surface of the prostate gland do the seminal vesicles attach?

A

Posterior superior

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25
Q

Gleason’s grading system is based on the tumor’s _______________.

A

morphology

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26
Q

How many new cases of kidney cancer are there each year?

Is it increasing or decreasing?

A

51,000

Increasing

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27
Q

How many deaths from kidney cancer each year?

A

12,900

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28
Q

What is a cause of kidney disease?

A

von Hippel-Lindau disease (Hereditary condition)

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29
Q

Symptoms of kidney cancer? (6)

A 
Asymptomatic
Hematuria (Blood in urine)
Pain 
Mass
Fatigue
Weight loss
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30
Q

What is the treatment of choice for kidney cancer?

A

Surgery

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31
Q

Radiation dose range for kidney cancer?

A

4500-5000 cGy

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32
Q

How many new cases of bladder cancer per year?

A

6700

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33
Q

How many deaths from bladder cancer each year?

A

1,375

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34
Q

Symptoms of bladder cancer? (2)

A

Hematuria

Change in bladder habits

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35
Q

percentage of metastasis in kidney cancer?

A

25-35%

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36
Q

Dose for bladder cancer?

A

4500-5000 cGy

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37
Q

How many new cases of ureter cancer each year?

A

2500

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38
Q

Deaths from ureter cancer each year?

A

690

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39
Q

Risk factors for ureter cancer? (2)

A

Smoking

Occupational exposures

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40
Q

Symptoms of ureter cancer? (5)

A 
Hematuria
Pain
Mass
Obstruction
Incontinence
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41
Q

Type of ureter cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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42
Q

New cases of penile cancer each year?

A

1500

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43
Q

Deaths from penile cancer each year?

A

280

44
Q

Risk factors for penile cancer? (6)

A 
Hygiene, phimosis, and smegma
HPV
Smoking
Psoriasis treatment
AIDS
Circumcision
45
Q

Symptoms for penile cancer? (4)

A 
Skin changes
      -Color
      -Thickness
Discharge
Ulcer
Swelling
46
Q

Does metastasis for penile cancer occur early or late?

A

Late

47
Q

Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women.

A

True

Bladder cancer occurs about four times more often in men than in women

48
Q

Early prostate cancer is asymptomatic.

A

True

Carcinoma of the prostate can be asymptomatic until reaching a significant size.

49
Q

Hormone therapy can be used as a curative treatment for prostate cancer.

A

False

Hormone therapy is used in addition to other therapies.

50
Q

Injury to the testicles is a known risk factor for developing a seminoma.

A

False

51
Q

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting American men.

A

True

Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common malignancy in males in the United States.

52
Q

PSA is only useful in diagnosing prostate cancer.

A

False

PSA is also helpful post treatment.

53
Q

Radiation therapy treatments for seminoma include the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes.

A

False

Patients with stage I testicular seminoma should receive megavoltage irradiation to the paraaortic or para-aortic and ipsilateral pelvic lymph nodes. The primary tumor has been removed and therefore is not in the treatment field.

54
Q

Radiation therapy is typically used as a primary treatment option for cancers of the bladder.

A

False

Treatment of bladder cancer includes some form of surgical resection.

55
Q

Scrotal irradiation is a commonly accepted practice for testicular cancer.

A

False

The 1989 Consensus Conference in Leeds, England, recommended that inguinal or scrotal irradiation be omitted even if scrotal interference has occurred.

56
Q

The survival data for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy are better than surgery for prostate cancer when like groups are compared.

A

False

Results with both external beam radiation and radiaoisotopic implant are much the same as for surgery if like groups are compared.

57
Q

Topical chemotherapy is often used when treating low staged penile cancers.

A

True

Bowen disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat can be treated with topical 5-FU (5% cream), a local excision, or superficial x-rays (4500 to 5000 cGy in 4 to 5 weeks).

58
Q

Variations in rectal fullness have very little effect on the daily position of the prostate.

A

False

Exact prostate positions varies daily due to a number of factors including rectal fullness.

59
Q

What is the number one cancer incidence for males in the US?

A

prostate cancer

60
Q

Prostate cancer is ___ in mortality in the US

A

second in mortality

lung first

61
Q

Who presents later stage and have worse prognosis than caucasians?

A

african americans

62
Q

Overall prostate cancer is a ____ growing malignancy

A

slow

63
Q

What is the average age of onset for prostate?

A

60 years

64
Q

What are side effects of a box field technique?

A

cystitis, proctitis, diarrhea, dysuria

65
Q

What does a full bladder do?

A

decreases bladder dose and displaces small bowel in lateral fields

66
Q

What male cancer has a low occurrence but is the most common male cancer for 15 to 35 year old males?

A

Testicular

67
Q

Is testicular cancer more common in Caucasian or african americans?

A

Caucasian

68
Q

Is Penile cancer common in the US?

A

no, rare in the US but higher incidence in Asia, Africa, South America

69
Q

What is the age range for penile cancer?

A

range from 22 to 90
generally a disease of older men
in the US 29% were younger than 30 years old

70
Q

What is etiology for penile cancer?

A 
no circumcision at birth
Phimosis
poor hygiene, smegma
HPV
Ultraviolet radiation
smoking
71
Q

What is the most common pathology of penile cancer?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

72
Q

The most common cancer of germinal origin of the testis is?

A

seminoma

73
Q

Testicular cancers are most frequently diagnosed in men aged

A

15 to 35

74
Q

Gleason developed a grading system based on the degree of differentiation seen in tissue samples. His system uses ____ different histologic patterns

A

5

75
Q

Of the following tumors, which would require the lowest dose to control disease?

A

testis

76
Q

When irradiating seminoma stages I, IA IB the following nodes should be incldued:

a. paraaortic
b. Ipsilateral iliac
c. mediastinal
d. scalene

A

a paraaortic and b ipsilateral iliac

77
Q

The most common histologic type found in prostate cancer is

A

adenocarcinoma

78
Q

Brachytherapy in the management of prostate cancer would be

A

LDR interstitial

79
Q

The patient complaining of diarrhea should be advised to

A

avoid high fiber foods

80
Q

The inguinal nodes should be included in RT fields for

A

penile

81
Q

What is in the urinary system?

A

kidney and bladder

82
Q

What age is median age of onset of kidney (renal) cancer?

A

55 to 60 years old

83
Q

Men are affected twice as much w kidney cancer as women?

A

True

84
Q

Where are bladder cancers more common?

A

high incidence in industrial cities

85
Q

Men are 2.5 times more likely than women to get bladder cancer?

A

True

86
Q

What is the median age of bladder cancer?

A

68

87
Q

What is usually the cause of death in bladder cancer patients?

A

liver failure and uremia

88
Q

What is cystectomy?

A

Cystectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the bladder.

89
Q

Which of the following examinations are best used in the detection of bladder cancer?

A

TURB
Urine cytology
cytoscopy

90
Q

most bladder cancers arise in the

A

posterior wall
lateral wall
trigone

91
Q

What is TURB

A

transurethral bladder removal

92
Q

The ureters attach the ____ surface of the bladder

A

posterolateral

93
Q

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the

A

liver

94
Q

The most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer is

A

hematuria

95
Q

The ureters enter the kidney at the

A

renal pelvis

96
Q

Urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body via

A

urethra

97
Q

The most common pathology of malignant tumors of the prostate is

A

adenocarcinoma

98
Q

Most common type of kidney tumor is:

A

Transitional cell Carcinoma

99
Q

Cancer with highest incidence rate for males is:

A

Prostate Cancer

100
Q

Which of the following are common immobilization-repositioning devices used in the treatment of prostate cancer?
I. Polyurethane foam molds
II. Vacuum devices (Vac Locks)
III. Belly Board

A

I, II, and III

101
Q

For patients with bladder cancer, the bladder should be ________ during whole-bladder radiation.

A

empty

102
Q

A side effect associated with the treatment of prostate cancer , in which the adult male is unable to obtain an erection, is:

A

impotence

103
Q

The prostate gland is located _______ to the rectum.

A

anterior

104
Q

The tumor of the male reproductive and genitourinary system that requires the lowest dose to control the disease is:

A

seminoma

105
Q

The tumor of the male reproductive and genitourinary system for which a brachytherapy implant is most likely used to control the disease is:

A

prostate

106
Q

the most common testicular tumor pathology is:

A

seminoma

Oncology II (10 decks)

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