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Exercise Physiology > Body composition > Flashcards

Body composition Flashcards

0
Q

3 things that are considered to be important componenets of athletic performance

A

body size
shape
composition

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0
Q

Body composition can give you

A

An

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1
Q

Why can’t you say that a person needs to be exactly this weight?

A

They need a range of where there’s a balance between leanness and power

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2
Q

strength and power athletes have

A

increased fat free mass

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2
Q

Low fat body composition may not be beneficial for

A

Performance

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3
Q

as athletes must move their own mass, they must have

A

increased power/weight ration - cyclist

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3
Q

Whys body composition so much harder to do?

A

Because you can’t dope

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4
Q

diff _______ are set up for competitions to be fair

A

weight divisions

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4
Q

Body composition

A

The partitioning of body mass into fat free mass (weight or percentage) and fat mass (weight or percentage)

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5
Q

acrobatic sports have

A

biomechanical advantages

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5
Q

Fat free weight 5

A

Muscle, bone, skin, blood, organs

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6
Q

judged sports body composition

A

increased fat free mass and decreased body fat

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6
Q

2 fat weight

A

Storage fat: visceral and subcutaneous fat
Essential far - bone marrow,CNS, cell membranes, heart, lungs, liver-5%, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles. Males 3%, females 12%

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7
Q

body weight and body composition are often

A

important focal points for athletes given that these attributes can be manipulated.

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7
Q

Lean body mass

A

Fat free weight and essential fat

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8
Q

is body composition a sole predictor of athletic performance?

A

no, a rigid body composition should not be recommended for any sport or gp of athletes

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8
Q

Exercises that use essential body fat

A

Are not healthy

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9
Q

can you say that a person needs to be exactly this weight

A

no because they need to have a range where that balance is between leanness and po

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9
Q

Direct analysis of body composition

A

Cadaver analysis
Chemical analysis - determine mixture or fat and far free components
Physical dissection analysis of fat, far free adipose tissue, muscle, and bone

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10
Q

Indirect measure of body composition 7

A 
Densitometry- hydrostatic weight and displacement plethysmography (bod pod) 
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry DXA 
bio electrical impedance analysis BIA 
skin folds 
Circumferences 
Computed tomography (CT) 
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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11
Q

Densitometry

A

Measurement of mass/unit volume

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12
Q

Density of body

A

Body mass(g)/body volume (ml)

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13
Q

Two compartment model of body composition (fat and fat free weight)

A

Density of fat is 0.9 g/ml, lean body mass is 1.1, with a measurement of total body density, a percent body fat can be calculated using a prediction formula

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14
Q

How do you determine the volume of the body

A

Submerge them in water in graduated cylinder

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15
Q

Archimedes principle

A

Principle that a partially or fully submerged object will experience an upward buoyant force equal to the weight or the volume of fluid displaces by the object

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16
Q

How do we find the volume of the body according the Archimedes principle?

A

Subtract the underwater weight from the land weight

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17
Q

Who will weigh more underwater and why?

A

Density of bone and muscle is greater than that of far, so someone with a lower percent body far will weight more

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18
Q

Bod pod

A

Air displacement system to determine volume of body
- measures residual volume on lungs
Volume of body used to determine %BF - similar formulas to the ones used for hydrostatic weighing
High level of accuracy but may underestimate body far by 2-3%

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29
Q

5 potential sources if error with Densitometry

A 
Determination of residual volume 
Determination of GI volume 
Body gravity spaces 
Protocol errors 
Assume that densities of lean tissue compartments remain the same among ind.
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30
Q

Reasons of density fluctuation of bones and muscles

A

from the constant of 1.1g/ml depending on gender, age, race, etc

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31
Q

how much will densitometry body fat measurements differ from true body fat %

A

+/- 2-4%

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32
Q

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (5)

A

3 compartment model of body composition that uses low dose x-ray absorption to measure

  • lean soft tissue
  • fat soft tissue
  • bone

whole body and regional assessment of body composition

lowest standard error of body composition

takes 3 min

darker is muscle

33
Q

bioelectrical impedance analysis (4)

A

low intensity electrical current to assess body composition

  • lean tissue has more water and electrolyte content which conduct current more readily than fat
  • great resistance/impedance of current indicates a higher % body fat

high degree of error because hydration status can significantly reduce results

34
Q

Skin folds/fat fold measures

A

calipers to gauge thickness of a fold of skin at selected sites

a skin fold is the double thickness of skin plus the adipose tissue between the parallel layers of skin

highest standard of error in measurement of body composition
- landmaring, amt of skinfold pinched, site selection, calipers, tester, subject

highly trained testers get an accuracy of +/- 3-5% relative to hydrostatic weighing

35
Q

How to use skin fold measurements

A

different equations to determine body density
Siri equation for body fat %
multitude of equations to choose from depending on the population of study - age and sex adjusted formulas required

36
Q

Body mass index

A

ratio of total body weight to height

37
Q

limitations of BMI (3)

A

not always a good predictor of body fat
provides no indication of fat distribution
no absolute BMI standard to classify children and adolescents overweight and/or obese

38
Q

Why is BMI not always a good predictor of body fat (3)

A

athletes have high BMI but acceptable body fat levels
older age have a higher %body fat for a given BMI
ethnicity - asian pop. may have a higher %BF for a given BMI

39
Q

why do we still use BMI

A

not a good predictor of individual health but works well for assessing health on a population level

40
Q

Android vs Gynoid

A

excess fat in android region (apple) is associated with higher risk for diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension compared to fat stored in the gynoid/pear shaped.

41
Q

assessment of waist circumference and waist/hip ratio

A

some indication of metabolic health risk

42
Q

Why is subcutaneous fat better than visceral fat

A

not as readily available

43
Q

What waist conference is high risk for metabolic diseases?

A

f 89, 88 in canada

m 99, 102 in canada

44
Q

average waist to hip ratio

A

17-39 0.8f, 0.9m

40 and up 0.9f, 0.98m

45
Q

high risk for metabolic disease

A

20-60 f0.84, m0.99

60-70 f0.90, 1.03 m

46
Q

what does the waist hip ratio tell you

A

index of relative fat distribution

47
Q

healthy body fat %

A

no universally accepted %bf standard

obesity is +5% above normal bf%

48
Q

essential fat and minimal fat for men and women

A

3-5%, 5% for men

8-12%, 10-12% for women

49
Q

athletic fat in men and women

A

5-13 for men

12-22 for women

50
Q

recommended bf% for men and women, less than 34, 35-55, after 56

A

8-22, 10-25

20-35, 23-38, 25-38

51
Q

How many fat cells do we have

A

30-50billion- females have 50% more than men

52
Q

hyperplasia

A

growth in tissue or organ trough an increase in the number of cells, occurs at critical periods in life - later childhood/puberty

53
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells, fat cells can increase in size by a factor of ten in order to store more triglycerides

54
Q

white vs brown adipose cell

A

large lipid vacuole and little mitochondria

small lipid droplets and lots of mitochondria - many when we were young to give off heat

55
Q

3 types of body fat distribution patterns

A

android - visceral
gynoid - gluteofemoral
intermediate pattern

56
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

promotes fat storage in adipose and muscle because it plucks fat off the lipoproteins

57
Q

ppl with high LPL

A

store fat very efficiently

58
Q

gender specific hormones and fat cell metabolism

A

in women fat cells in breasts, hips and thighs produce more LPL and in men cells in abdomen produce more LPL

59
Q

why is it harder to lose gynoid/gluteofemoral fat?

A

enzymes controlling breakdown of fat less active in lower body

60
Q

weight loss and LPL expression

A

increases - more efficient in getting fat back

61
Q

obesity prevalence in canada (3)

A

26% of adult have obesity
5th in the world
steady increase after 1980

62
Q

general health risks of overweight and obesity (6)

A 
hypertension 
CV disease 
Gallbladder disease and hypercholesterolemia 
diabetes mellitus - type 2
cancer 
miscellaneous disorders
63
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

pancreatic inefficiency

64
Q

abdomen fat can release

A

inflammatory cytokines

65
Q

health risks from mass of fat (6)

A 
osteoarthritis 
sleep apnea 
respiratory problems 
lower back patin 
skin stretch marks 
congestive heart failure
66
Q

increased PA improves ___________ regardless of weight

A

metabolic health - adjusted relative risk is always lower

67
Q

you can have a high amount of bf% but be

A

metabolically healthy

68
Q

why does complication arise with obesity

A

inflammation

69
Q

new assessment of obesity intervention?

A

medical, mental and functional aspects, if they’re all okay then there’s no treatment

70
Q

weight bias

A

beliefs about a person’s values, skills, abilities and personality based on their body weight and shape

71
Q

weight stigma

A

disapproval or discontent with a person or gp based on perceptions and stereotypes

72
Q

the public voice for canadians with obesity (3)

A

remove stigma and bring positivity and respects
change how we perceive and discuss obesity
connection to a community and make a difference

73
Q

why shouldnt one discriminate obesity

A

there may be a genetic piece and not solely a lifestyle

74
Q

instead of fat (less stigmatizing)

A

weight

75
Q

instead of morbidly obese (less stimatizing)

A

unhealthy weight or high BMI

76
Q

instead of fat (more motivating)

A

unhealthy weight

77
Q

instead of morbidly obese/chubby (more motivating)

A

overweight

78
Q

ind experiencing weight discrimination are more likely to have (4)

A

maladaptive eating patterns, avoid PA, develop stress induced pathophysiology and avoid medical care

79
Q

submerged object experiences

A

an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the volume of the fluid displaced by the object

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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