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Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 1 > Pancreatic and Bile Secretion > Flashcards

Pancreatic and Bile Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the liver

A

Largest gland in the body
Produces bile
Comprises 4 lobes

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2
Q

What are liver lobules?

A

Hexagonal structural and functional units
Filter and process nutrient-rich blood
Composed of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) • Longitudinal central vein

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3
Q

What is the portal vein?

A

Blood from small intestine that goes through the liver because liver breaks down anything toxic from small intestine

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4
Q

Where are the bile ducts?

A

Around the edges of the liver

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5
Q

Where does blood come into the liver?

A

Through portal vein into lobule, passes by hepatocytes

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6
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Canals moving in between hepatocytes, substances can go in and out of them

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7
Q

What happens once blood has been passed through the sinusoid?

A

Once cleaned it goes into the central vein and then into the hepatic vein

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8
Q

What are hepatocytes involved in?

A

Bile production

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9
Q

What is the process of making bile?

A

Hepatocytes->bile canaliculi (passageways move in between hepatocytes, gather up bile)->bile ductules->bile ducts

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10
Q

What does a hepatocyte look like

A

Sinusoidal Blood
Apical membrane tight junction, connected to “basolateral membrane”
Sinusoidal blood

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11
Q

How much bile is produced per day?

A

800-1000mL

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12
Q

What is the pH of bile?

A

7.6-8.6

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13
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Bile salts
Bilirubin
Cholestrol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

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14
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Lipid assimilation
Elimination
Neutralise gastric acid and provide optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes

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15
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Cholesterol derivatives that function in fat

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16
Q

What are the bile ducts?

A 
Right and left hepatic ducts of liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct and sphincter
Accessory pancreatic duct
Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
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17
Q

Where is the main pancreatic duct?

A

In the pancreas heading towards the tail of the pancreas

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18
Q

Where is the Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter?

A

Between the pancreas and the duodenum

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19
Q

What is the appearance of the gallbladder?

A

Thin walled, pear-shaped, muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

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20
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions

21
Q

What does the gallbladder release?

A

Bile via the cystic duct which flows into the bile duct

22
Q

What are gallstones also called?

A

Cholelithiasis

23
Q

What do gallstones account for?

A

95% of biliary tract disease

24
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

Form if bile contains insufficient bile salts or excessive cholestrol

25
Q

What does cholestrol do to form gallstones?

A

Crystallises

26
Q

How are gallstones treated?

A

With drugs, lithotripsy or surgery

27
Q

What is bile secretion regulated by?

A

Bile salts in enterohepatic circulation

Secretin from intestinal cells exposed to HCL and fatty chyme

28
Q

What is gallbladder contraction stimulated by?

A 
Cholecystokinin (CCK) from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat in chyme
Vagal stimulation (minor stimulus)
29
Q

What does CKK cause?

A

The heptopancreatic sphincter to relax

30
Q

What is the pancreas endocrine functions?

A

Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon

31
Q

What is the pancreas exocrine functions?

A

Acini (clusters of secretory cells) secrete pancreatic juice

Zymogen granules of secretory cells contain digestive enzymes

32
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced?

A

1200-1500mL per day

33
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

Electrolytes (primarily HCO3-)

Enzymes

34
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes?

A

Amylase, lipases, nucleases are secreted in active form but require ions or bile for optimal activity

35
Q

What happens when proteases is secreted?

A

Secreted in inactive form and activated in duodenum

36
Q

What is trypsinogen activated to?

A

Trypsin

37
Q

What is trypsinogen activated by?

A

Brush border enzymes

38
Q

What does trypsin activate?

A

Procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen

39
Q

What does CCK induce?

A

The secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice by acini

40
Q

What does secretin cause?

A

Secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

41
Q

What also causes the release of pancreatic juice?

A

Vagal stimulation

42
Q

What does chyme entering the duodenum cause?

A

Release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin from duodenal enteroendocrine cells

43
Q

Where are CCK and secretin released into?

A

Bloodstream

44
Q

What does CCK induce?

A

Secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

45
Q

What does secretin cause?

A

Secretion of HCO3- rich pancreatic juice

46
Q

What stimulates the liver to produce bile more rapidly?

A

Bile salts and to a lesser extent secretin

47
Q

What does CCK cause?

A

Gallbladder to contract and hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax; bile enters duodenum

48
Q

What causes weak contractions of gallbladder?

A

During cephalic and gastric phases, vagal nerve stimulation

49
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 1 (21 decks)

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