POLI448

Question 1

Define Terrorism

Answer 1

Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, or group of persons, or particular persons, for political purposes.

• distinct from other organized criminal behaviour because it is not motivated by financial gain
• is not unplanned; strategically organized event or policy

Question 2

Examples of terrorist groups in Africa

Answer 2

Lords Resistance Army
Boko Haram
Al-Quaeda

Question 3

Examples of terrorist attacks in Africa

Answer 3

Bad Governance: Ongoing “conflict” in Algeria following cancellation of 1992 elections in Algeria.

International Terrorism: Bombings of American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salam.

Oppression:

Question 4

Terrorism: Role of Bad Governance

5 points

Answer 4

1. Potentially the root cause for increased terrorism in Africa
2. Informal local political and economic transactions makes it easier for funds to be allocated to terrorist regimes
3. sometimes has interest in continued war and disorder as it can generate resources and opportunities for further corruption
4. the majority of African countries score a 3 or below on the Corruption Perception Index.
5. Studies show a positive relationship between CPI and Failed State status.

Question 5

Terrorism: Role of International Actors

5 points

Answer 5

1. Bad governance is closely related to the influence/imposition by international actors
2. International allies are often beneficiaries to Africa’s corrupt systems
3. When a country receives the majority of its’ funds through donors, rather than taxation, there is no accountability within its borders
4. Dependancy on donors leaves no incentive for states to provide their basic services on their own
5. Donations can have negative affects on the local economy and destroy any chance of self sustainability

Question 6

Terrorism: Role of State Violence & Inequalities

Answer 6

1. Rebels & Governments alike have been terrorizing civilians for decades, causing more death and destruction than international terrorism
2. Lack of basic public resources, infrastructures, needs
3. When needs aren’t met it causes unrest
4. Insecurity and Instability of a state provokes political resistance.
5. Structural inequalities leads to violence, and eventually terrorism

Question 7

Terrorism: Conclusion

Answer 7

Corruption - failed states - political resistance - terrorist regimes.

• Corruption and lack of accountability is prevalent in many African governing systems
• When the public doesn’t feel like the government is doing it’s job, political resistance (often violent) is almost inevitable.
• It doesn’t take long before political resistance leads to strategic planning for political reform - in many cases terrorism
• International Terrorism is on the increase in Africa, with Algeria involved the most.
• Media: increased international coverage on terrorist attacks works in favour of terrorist objectives.

Question 8

4 Criteria of International Terrorism

Answer 8

• Committed in more than one state
• Preparation/Planning, Direction or control takes place in another state
• Committed in one state but involves a international terrorist group
• Committed in one state but has substantial . effects on another.

Question 9

EU’s Strategy to Continental Economic Integration

Answer 9

Abuja Treaty of 1991

• proposing the establishment of the African Economic Community (AEC)
• with eight RECs considered as the foundation.
• The AEC is envisaged to be ready by 2028 (latest 2034)
• six key stages of development.

Question 10

Six stages of establishing the AEC

Answer 10

1. Creation of regional blocs (1994-1999)
2. Strengthening intra-rec integration and harmonization (2000-2007)
3. Establishing regional free trade areas and custom unions (2000-2017)
4. Establishing continent-wide free trade areas and custom unions (2018-2019)
5. Establishing a continent-wide African common manat (2020-2023)
6. Establishing a continent-wide Economic monetary union and parliament (2024-2028)

Question 11

Regional Economic Communities

aka Regional Blocs

Answer 11

AMU - Arab Maghreb Union
CEN-SAD - Community of Sahel-Saharan States
COMESA - Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
EAC - East African Community
ECCAS - Economic Community of Central African States
ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States
IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development
SADC - Southern African Development Community

Question 12

AEC Challenges

Answer 12

1. Cultural Diversity
2. National Interest
3. Western Sabotage?
4. Weak national economic strength
5. Poor mobility of labour and capital
6. Political instability
7. Colonial ties

Question 13

Galtung’s five types of Imperialism

Answer 13

Economic
Political
Military
Communication
Cultural

Question 14

2 mechanisms of Imperialism

Answer 14

Vertical Interaction relation

Feudal Interaction structure

Question 15

Vertical Interaction Relation

Answer 15

Concerned with interaction relations
Is the major factor behind inequality
*economic, political and military transactions
ex: Tractor —->

Question 16

Feudal Interaction structure

Answer 16

Concerned with how interaction relations are put together in a larger interaction structure
maintains and reinforces inequality by protecting it
*communications, cultures
Ex: Soft Power

Question 17

Define Imperalism

Answer 17

One way in which the Centre nation has power over the Periphery nation, so as to bring disharmony of interest between them

Question 18

Criteria of Imperialism

Answer 18

1. there is Harmony of interest between the centre in the Centre nation, and the centre in the Periphery nation
2. there is more disharmony of interest within the Periphery nations than in the Centre nations
3. there is disharmony between the periphery in the Centre nation, and the periphery in the Periphery nation

Question 19

Quote on Military dependancy

Answer 19

He who produces tractors can produce tanks, but he who delivers oil can not defend himself by throwing it in the face of his aggressor. He must depend on the tank-producer, either for protection or acquisition.

Question 20

AEC Diversity Challenge

Answer 20

1. Diversity in cultural beliefs, languages, population sizes, income levels, etc.
   2.In ECOWAS, the most populous country,
   Nigeria, is 341 times larger than the least populous country, Cape Verde.
   3.EAC is the most homogeneous region in terms of population size, with similar levels of income and geographical comparability.

Question 21

AEC Political Instability Challenge

Answer 21

5/8 RECs have extremely negative outcomes in terms of Security and Rule of Law, possibly creating the most difficult environment for regional integration.

1. Ongoing conflicts
2. Transnational Threats - terrorism, drug trafficking and piracy.
3. Resource-related insecurity - Shared water resources e.g. Nile Basin (shared by 11 countries), land ownership and climate refugees.

Question 22

AEC Western Sabotage/Colonial ties

Answer 22

1. On average, African citizens require visas to visit 60% of African countries, while it has the highest percentage of countries whose visitors are able to obtain a visa on arrival
2. The commodity-rich countries have historically traded primarily outside of Africa. This, which is a legacy of colonial history, continues to be the case. ex: Between 2007 and 2011, the average share of intra-African exports was 11% compared to 50% in developing Asia, 21% in Latin America/Caribbean and 70% in Europe
3. Incompatible Trade Costs - Average cost of exporting a container from an African country overseas is $2,000 while in Asia it is estimated at less than 1⁄2 that amount (about $900).