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Neuro 1 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

GSA

A

GeneralSomaticAfferent
Somatosensory
Sensationfromskin,external ear, oralandnasalcavities
CarriedbyCNV, VII,IX,X

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2
Q

GSE

A

GeneralSomaticEfferent Somatomotor To skeletalmuscleofeye,tongue;SCMandtrapzeius mm.
CarriedbyCNIII,IV,VI,XI,XII

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3
Q

GVA

A

GeneralVisceralAfferent
Viscerosensory
Sensationfrompharynx;stretchreceptorsofthegut,
baroreceptorsofthecarotidandaorticbodies,
chemoreceptorsofgutandcarotidbody
Carried byCNVII,IX,X

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4
Q

GVE

A

General VisceralEfferent
Visceromotor
CN onlycarryparasympathetic innervationtosmoothand
cardiacmm.,salivaryandlacrimalglands,mucusglands
CarriedbyCNIII,VII,IX,X

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5
Q

SSA

A

SpecialSomatic Afferent

Vision,hearing,balance(CNII,VIII)

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6
Q

SVA

A

SpecialVisceral Afferent

Smell andTaste(CNI,VII,IX,X)

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7
Q

SVE

A

SpecialVisceralEfferent
Branchiomotor
Toskeletalmusclederivedfromthebranchialarches;
e.g.:mmofmastication,facialexpression,pharynx
(swallowing),larynx(speech)
CarriedbyCNV,VII,IX,X

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8
Q

Spinal nerves from forebrain

A

CNI‐II

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9
Q

Spinal nerves from midbrain

A

CNIII‐IV

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10
Q

Spinal nerves from pons

A

CNV‐VIII

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11
Q

Spinal nerves from medulla

A

CNIX‐XII

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12
Q

Spinal nerves from upper cervical spinal cord

A

CNXI

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13
Q

sensory and motor nuclei in midbrain

A

Sensory- trigeminalmesencephalic
(GSA; CNV)

Motor- occulomotor (GSE;CNIII)
Edinger‐Westphal (GVE; CNIII)
trochlear (GSE;CNIV)

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14
Q

sensory and motor nuclei in pons

A 
Sensory- principal trigeminal
(GSA;CN V,VII,IX,X),
trigeminalspinal
(GSA/GVA; CNV,VII,IX,X),
vestibulocochlear (SSA;CN VIII)
Motor- abducens (GSE;CN VI),
trigeminalmotor(SVE;CNV),
facial (SVE;CNVII),
superiorsalivatory (GVE;CNVII),
inferiorsalivatory (GVE; CNIX)
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15
Q

sensory and motor nuclei in medulla

A

Sensory- trigeminalspinal
(GSA/GVA; CNV,VII,IX,X),
solitary (GVA/SVA;CNVII,IX,X),
vestibulocochlear (SSA;CNVIII)

Motor- ambiguus (SVE;CNIX,X),
dorsalmotor(SVE;CNX),
hypoglossal (GSE;CNXII)

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16
Q

sensory and motor nuclei in upper cervical spinal cord

A

Sensory- trigeminalspinal
(GSA/GVA; CNV,VII,IX,X)

Motor- spinalaccessory(GSE;CNXI)

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17
Q

TrigeminalMesencephalicNucleus

A

Containscellbodiesforproprioceptive
neuronscarriedbyCNV. From the midbrain
• Mechanoreceptors in the periodontalligaments ofteeth
• Golgitendonorgans,musclespindlesinthe
musclesofmastication
• Function:managejawopeningandclosing
reflexesduringchewing;preventdamageto
teethandotheroralstructures(tongue,cheeks,
etc.)duringchewing

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18
Q

Jawclosingreflex

A

UsedtotestCNVintegrity
• Tappingonthechinforcesthemandible
downwardsandstretchesthemasseter
• Reflexshouldbeabrisk,symmetricalclosingof
thejaws

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19
Q

TrigeminalPrincipalNucleus

A 
Locatedinthepons
• Synapsebetween1° and2° neurons
carryingthesensationsoffinetouch
and vibration
• Nucleuscontainthecellbodiesof
the2° neurons.
• Theseaxonswillprojecttothe
thalamusinthetrigeminothalamic
tracts.
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20
Q

TrigeminalSpinalNucleus

A

• Locatedinthepons,medulla,and
uppercervicalspinalcord(approx.C1‐
C3levels).
• CNV enters the brainstem at pons; fibers will descend tothe spinalnucleus asthe trigeminal spinaltract.
• Parsoralis iscontinuous superiorlywith
thetrigeminalprincipalnucleus.
• Parscaudalis iscontinuousinferiorly
withthedorsalhornnucleiofthe
spinalcord.
• Synapsebetween1° and2° neurons
• Parsoralis mediatessensationsoffine
touchandvibration
• Parsinterpolaris andcaudalis mediate
sensationsofpain,deep touchand
temperature
• Nucleuscontain thecellbodies ofthe2° neurons.
• Theseaxonswillprojecttothe
contralateralthalamusinthe
trigeminothalamic tracts.

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21
Q

Nucleussolitarius

A

(medulla)
• GVA afferents from middle ear, pharynx, respiratory &GI tracts
• CN VIIfromnasopharynx,softpalate
• CNIX frommiddle ear, oropharynx
• CNX fromlarynx, thoracic andabdominal viscera
• SVAafferentsfortaste
• CN VII from oral (anterior2/3) tongue
• CNIX from pharyngeal (posterior1/3) tongueandvallate papillae
• CNX from epiglottis and rootof tongue

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22
Q

FacialMotorNucleus

A

Upper(dorsal)partofthefacialmotornucleus
• LMNsprojecttotheuppermotorbranchesofCNVII
(e.g.temporalbr.)
•Innervatesthemusclesoffacialexpressionoftheupperface(e.g.frontalisandorbicularisoculimm.)

Lower(ventral)partofthefacialmotornucleus
•LMNsprojecttothelowermotorbranchesofCNVII
(e.g.buccalandmandibularbr.)
•Innervatesthemusclesoffacialexpressionofthelowerface(e.g.zygomaticusmm.risorius m.,orbicularisoris m.)and the stapedius*

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23
Q

ReticularFormation

A

The“core”ofthebrainstem
• Intrinsic (transverse) projections connect sensory and motor
nuclei inthe brainstem, creating polysynaptic reflexes
• Intrinsicprojectionsare
bilateral,sothatreflexesare
bilateral(e.g.cornealblink
reflex– botheyesblink)

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24
Q

Glabellar reflex

A

instruct the patient to try not to blink. Tap lightly on the forehead
between the eyebrows. The first few taps should elicit blinks, then the blinking
should stop as the frontal lobe overrides the efferent limb. If blinking does not
stop, this is known as Myerson’s sign, and is an indication of frontal lobe
dysfunction (called frontal release) that may occur with diseases such as
Parkinson’s.

Afferent: CN V
Efferent: CN VII

25
Q

PupillaryLightReflex

A

Afferentfibersfromopticnerve(CNII,SVA). Goes to the pre-tectal nucleus, then through the reticular formation interneuron and to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, then toconstrictorpupillae m.(CNIII,GVE)
Directpupillarylightreflex:constrictionofipsilateraleyetostimulus(light)
Consensual pupillarylightreflex:constrictionofcontralateraleyetostimulus(light)

26
Q

CornealBlinkReflex

A
  1. IrritationtothecorneaissensedbyGSAfibersinCNV1(opthalmic n.)
  2. Thissensationisrelayedtothespinaltrigeminalnucleus.
  3. A reticular formation interneuron carries the signalto thefacial motornucleus bilaterally.
  4. Motor fibersin CNVII cause blinking (contractionoforbicularisoculimm.).
27
Q

TearingReflex

A

IrritationtothecorneaissensedbyGSAfibersinCNV1(opthalmic n.)
2. Thissensationisrelayedtothespinaltrigeminalnucleus.
3. Areticularformationinterneuroncarriesthesignaltothesuperiorsalivatory
nucleus.
4. Secretomotor fibersinCNVIIsynapseinthepterygopalatineganglion,then
stimulatelacrimation.
Example:youcrywhilecuttingonions.

28
Q

Gustatory‐salivaryreflex

A

stimulationoftastebuds(CNVII,IX,X)produces
salivation(CNVII,IX)

  1. StimulationoftastebudsistransmittedbySVAfibersinCNVII,IX,X
  2. Thissensationisrelayedtothesolitarynucleus
    3.Areticularformationinterneuroncarriesthesignaltothesuperiorandinferior
    salivatory nuclei.
  3. Secretomotor fibersinCNVIIandIXsynapseinthesubmandibularandotic
    ganglia(respectively),thenstimulatesalivation.
29
Q

Swallowingreflex

A

stimulationoftheoropharynxbysalivaand/orfood(CNIX)

causestheinitiatingofthemotorswallowingcascade(CNX)

30
Q

Gagreflex

A

touchontheposteriortongueororopharynx(CNIX)causes
contractionofthepharyngealconstrictormuscles(CNX)

1.IrritationtotheposteriortongueororopharynxissensedbyGSAfibersinCNIX
(pharyngealplexus).
2. Thissensationisrelayedtothesolitarynucleus.
3. Areticularformationinterneuroncarriesthesignaltonucleusambiguous.
4. BranchiomotorfibersinCNX(pharyngealplexus)causecontractionofthe
pharyngealconstrictormuscles.

31
Q

Coughingreflex

A

irritantstotheliningofthetrachea/bronchi(CNX)causes
contractionofpharyngealandlaryngealmuscles(CNX),diaphragmm.,abdominal
mm.

32
Q

Gustatory‐gastricreflex

A

AKAthecephalicphaseofdigestion;stimulationofthe
tastebuds(CNVII,IX,X)causestheproductionofdigestivesecretionsinthe
stomach(CNX)

33
Q

Vomitingreflex

A

irritationoftheGItractepithelium(CNX)causescontractionof
thesmoothmuscleofstomachandloweresophagus,skeletalmuscleofupper
esophagus,closureofglottisandsoftpalate(CNX)

34
Q

Carotidsinusandbodyreflex

A

lowbloodpressureorlowO2content(respectively)
inthecommoncarotidartery(CNIX)causesanincreaseinheartrate,cardiac
output(CNX);highbloodpressurecausesadecreaseinheartrate,cardiacoutput

  1. LowbloodpressureissensedinthecarotidsinusbyCNIX.
  2. Thissensationisrelayedtothesolitarynucleus.
    3.AreticularformationinterneuroncarriesthesignaltodorsalmotornucleusofX.
  3. Secretomotor fibersinCNXsynapseinintramuralgangliaoftheheart,causing
    increaseinheartrateandcardiacoutput,andraisingbloodpressure.
    Conversely,highbloodpressureinthecarotidsinusiscommunicatedtothe
    sympatheticnervoussystem,whichwilldecreaseheartrateandcardiacoutput.
35
Q

Pathway of OculomotorNerve

GSA:motortoextraocularmuscles

A

LMNhascellbodyinoculomotornucleus(midbrain)
• CNIIIexitsmidbrainbetweenposteriorcerebralandsuperiorcerebellar
arteries
• CNIIIpassesthroughwallofcavernoussinus
• CNIIIexitscraniumthroughsuperiororbitalfissure
• Supplieslevator palpebralsuperioris m.,superiorrectusm.,medialrectusm.,
inferiorrectusm.,inferiorobliquem.

36
Q

Pathway of OculomotorNerve

GVE:parasympathetictoconstrictorpupilae m.,ciliarybody

A

• Pre‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinEdinger‐Westphalnucleus
• CNIIIexitsmidbrainbetweenposteriorcerebralandsuperiorcerebellararteries
• CNIIIpassesthroughwallofcavernoussinus
• CNIIIexitscraniumthroughsuperiororbitalfissure
• GVEfiberssynapseinciliaryganglion
• Post‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinciliaryganglion,axonsinshortciliarynerves.
• Function:constrictspupil(pupillarylightreflex),changeslensshape
(accommodationreflex)

37
Q

Pathway of TrochlearNerve

A

GSE:motortosuperiorobliquem.ofeye
• LMN(lower motor neuron) hascellbodyintrochlearnucleusof
midbrain
• CNIVexitsmidbrainonitsventralaspect
• CNIVpassesthroughwallofcavernoussinus
• CNIVexitscraniumthroughsuperiororbital
fissure

38
Q

Pathway of CNV1:Opthalmic Nerve

A

GSA:sensorytoskinoverupperorbitandforehead;frontalandethmoidsinuses;uppernasal
cavity;eyeandconjunctive
• Branches:frontaln.(supraorbital,supratrochlearnn.),lacrimaln.,nasociliary n.(anterior
ethmoidaln.).
• CNV1 enterscranialcavitythroughsuperiororbitalfissure,passesthroughwallof
cavernoussinus
• 1° neuronhascellbodyintrigeminal(semilunar)ganglion,locatedinmiddlecranialfossa
• CNVentersbrainstematpons
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipalnucleus(pons)
andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaanduppercervicalspinalcord
asthetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleusparscaudalis

39
Q

CNV2:MaxillaryNerve

A

GSA:sensorytoskinoverzygoma,nasalcavity;maxillarysinus;hardpalateandmaxillary
dentition
• Branches:zygomaticn.,infraorbitaln.
• CNV2enterscranialcavitythroughforamenrotundumfromthepterygopalatinefossa,
passesthroughwallofcavernoussinus
• 1° neuronhascellbodyintrigeminal(semilunar)ganglion,locatedinmiddlecranialfossa
• CNVentersbrainstematpons
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipalnucleus(pons)
andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaoruppercervicalspinalcordas
thetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (teeth)orpars
caudalis

40
Q

Pathway of CNV3:MandibularNerve sensory

A

GSA:sensorytoskinanteriortoearandovermandible;mandibulardentition,gingiva,
andoraltongue;meningesinmiddlecranialfossa
• Branches:inferioralveolarn.(mentaln.),lingualn.,buccaln.,middlemeningealn.
• CNV3enterscranialcavitythroughforamenovale
• 1° neuronhascellbodyintrigeminal(semilunar)ganglion,locatedinmiddlecranial
fossa
• CNVentersbrainstematpons
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipalnucleus
(pons)andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaoruppercervicalspinal
cordasthetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis
(teeth)orparscaudalis

41
Q

Pathway of CNV3:MandibularNerve motor

A

SVE:motortomusclesofmastication,anteriordiastric m.,mylohyoidm.,tensor
veli palatini m.,tensortympanim.
• LMNhascellbodyinthetrigeminalmotornucleus(pons)
• CNVexitsthebrainstematthepons
• CNV3 exitsthecranialcavitythroughtheforamenovale andpassesinto
infratemporalfossa

42
Q

Pathway of CNVI:AbducensNerve

A

GSE:motortolateralrectusm.ofeye
• LMNhascellbodyinabducensnucleusofpons
• CNVIexitspons,nearjunctionofbasilarand
anteriorinferiorcerebellararteries
• CNVIpassesthrough thecavernoussinus
• CNVIexitscraniumthroughsuperiororbital
fissure

43
Q

Pathway of CNVII:FacialNerve GSA

A

GSA:sensorytopinnaofexternalear
• 1° neuronhascellbodyingeniculateganglioninfacialcanal
• CNVIIenterscranialcavitythroughinternalacousticmeatus
• CNVIIentersbrainstematpons
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipal
nucleus(pons)andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaoruppercervical
spinalcordasthetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleus
parscaudalis

44
Q

Pathway of CNVII:FacialNerve GVA

A

GVA:sensorytosoftpalateandnasopharynx
• 1° neuronhascellbodyingeniculateganglioninfacialcanal
• CNVIIenterscranialcavitythroughinternalacousticmeatus
• CNVIIentersbrainstematpons
• GVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)

45
Q

Pathway of CNVII:FacialNerve SVA

A

SVA:tastefromoral(anterior2/3)tongue
• 1° neuronaxonsfoundinchordatympani
• 1° neuronhascellbodyingeniculateganglioninfacialcanal
• CNVIIenterscranialcavitythroughinternalacousticmeatus
• CNVIIentersbrainstematpons
• SVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)

46
Q

Pathway of CNVII:FacialNerve SVE

A

SVE:motortomusclesoffacialexpression,stapediusm.,posteriordigastricand
stylohyoidmm.
• LMNhascellbodyinthefacialmotornucleus(pons)
• Musclesoffacialexpressionthatmovethemouthoriginateinlower(ventral)partoffacial
motornucleus
• CNVIIexitsthebrainstematthepons
• CNVIIexitsthecranialcavitythroughtheinternalacousticmeatusandpassesinto
thefacialcanal
• SVEbranchesoffacialn.tomusclesoffacialexpressionexitthestylomatoid
foramen,passthroughtheparotidgland
• Branches:temporal,zygomatic,buccal,mandibular,cervicalbr.ofCNVII

47
Q

Pathway of CNVII:FacialNerve GVE

A

GVE:parasympathetic,secretomotor tolacrimalglandandnasalmucosa
• Pre‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinsuperiorsalivatory nucleus
• CNVIIexitsmidbrainatpons
• CNVIIexitscraniumthroughinferioracousticmeatus,passesintofacialcanal
• Greaterpetrosaln.(CNVIIGVE)joinswithdeeppetrosalnerve(sympathetic)toformnerve
ofthepterygoidcanal
• GVEfiberssynapseinpterygopalatineganglion
• Post‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinpterygopalatineganglion
• AxonstolacrimalglandtravelwithbranchesofCNV1 andV2throughinferiororbitalfissureintoorbit
• AxonstonasalmucosatravelwithbranchesofCNV2throughsphenopalatineforamen
• Function:lacrimation,mucousproduction

GVE:parasympathetic,secretomotor tosubmandibularandsublingualglands
• Pre‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinsuperiorsalivatory nucleus
• CNVIIexitsmidbrainatpons
• CNVIIexitscraniumthroughinferioracousticmeatus,passesintofacialcanal
• Pre‐ganglionicaxonsfoundinchordatympani,travelwithCNV3 (lingualn.)
intosublingualspace
• GVEfiberssynapseinsubmandibularganglion,axonstraveltoglands
• Function:salivation

48
Q

Pathway of CNIX:Glossopharyngeal GSA

A

GSA:sensorytopharyngeal(posterior1/3)tongue
• 1° neuronhascellbodyinsuperior(jugular)ganglion
• CNIXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNIXentersbrainstematmedulla
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipal
nucleus(pons)andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaoruppercervical
spinalcordasthetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleus
parscaudalis

49
Q

Pathway of CNIX:GlossopharyngealNerve

A

GVA:sensorytooropharynxandmiddleear
• CNIXformstympanicplexusinmiddleear
• 1° neuronhascellbodyininferior(petrous)ganglion
• CNIXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNIXentersbrainstematmedulla
• GVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)
Clinicaltest:
• Afferentlimbofgagreflex

50
Q

Pathway of CNIX:GlossopharyngealNerve SVA

A

SVA:tastefrompharyngeal(posterior1/3)tongueandvallate papillae
• 1° neuronhascellbodyininferior(petrous)ganglion
• CNIXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNIXentersbrainstematmedulla
• SVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)

51
Q

Pathway of CNIX:GlossopharyngealNerve SVE

A

SVE:motortostylopharyngeus m.
• LMNhascellbodyinthenucleusambiguus (medulla)
• CNIXexitsthebrainstematthemedulla
• CNIXexitsthecranialcavitythroughthejugularforamen

52
Q

Pathway of CNIX:GlossopharyngealNerve GVE

A

GVE:parasympathetic,secretomotor toparotidgland
• Pre‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyininferiorsalivatory nucleus
• CNIXexitsmidbrainatmedulla
• CNIXexitscraniumthroughjugularforamen,formstympanicplexusinmiddleear
• Lesserpetrosaln.(CNIXGVE)re‐enterscranialcavity,exitsthroughforamenovale
• GVEfiberssynapseinotic ganglionininfratemporalfossa
• Post‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinotic ganglion,axonstravelwithCNV3
(auriculotemporaln.)toparotidgland
• Function:salivation

53
Q

Pathway of CNX:Vagus Nerve GSA

A

GSA:sensorytopinnaofexternalearandexternalearcanal
• 1° neuronhascellbodyinsuperior(jugular)ganglion
• CNXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNXentersbrainstematmedulla
• Fiberscarryinglighttouch&vibrationsynapseinthetrigeminalprincipal
nucleus(pons)andtrigeminalspinalnucleusparsoralis (ponsandmedulla)
• Fiberscarryingpain&temperaturedescendtothemedullaoruppercervical
spinalcordasthetrigeminalspinaltract,synapseintrigeminalspinalnucleus
parscaudalis

54
Q

Pathway of CNX:Vagus Nerve GVA

A

GVA:sensorytolaryngopharynx,larynx,visceraofthoraxandabdomen
• 1° neuronhascellbodyininferior(nodose)ganglion
• CNXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNXentersbrainstematmedulla
• GVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)

55
Q

Pathway of CNX:Vagus Nerve SVA

A

SVA:tastefromrootoftongueandepiglottis
• 1° neuronhascellbodyininferior(nodose)ganglion
• CNXenterscranialcavitythroughjugularforamen
• CNXentersbrainstematmedulla
• SVAfiberssynapseinthesolitarynucleus(medulla)

56
Q

Pathway of CNX:Vagus Nerve SVE

A

SVE:motortomusclesofpharynx,softpalate,andlarynx
• LMNhascellbodyinthenucleusambiguus (medulla)
• CNXexitsthebrainstematthemedulla
• CNXexitsthecranialcavitythroughthejugularforamen
• Branches:pharyngealplexus,superiorlaryngealn.,recurrentlaryngealn.
Clinicaltest:
• Say“ah”,uvuladeviatesawayfromsideoflesion
• Phonation
• Efferentlimbofgagreflex

57
Q

Pathway of CNX:Vagus Nerve GVE

A

GVE:parasympathetic,secretomotor topharynxandthoracic/abdominal
viscera
• Pre‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyindorsalmotornucleus(medulla)
• CNXexitsmidbrainatmedulla
• CNXexitscraniumthroughjugularforamen
• Post‐ganglionicneuronhascellbodyinintramuralgangliafoundinwallsof
targetorgan

58
Q

Pathway of CNXI:SpinalAccessoryNerve

A

GSE:motortotrapeziusandsternocleidomastoidmm.
• LMNhascellbodyinspinalaccessorynucleus(ventralhornofC1‐C5spinal
segments).
• CNXIexitsthroughtheventralrootsofthecervicalspinalcord.
• CNXIenterscraniumthroughforamenmagnum
• CNXIexitscraniumthroughjugularforamen
• CNXIdescendstothetrapeziusm.,passingthroughtheposteriortriangleof
thenecktoreachthesternocleidomastoidm.

59
Q

Pathway of CNXII:HypoglossalNerve

A

GSE:motortoextrinsicandintrinsicmusclesoftongue
• LMNhascellbodyinhypoglossalnucleusofmedulla
• CNXIIexitsventromedialmedulla,lateraltothemedullarypyramids
• CNXIIexitscraniumthroughhypoglossalcanal
• CNXIIpassesinferiorintoneckwithC1spinalnerve,appearinginferiortothe
posteriorbellyofthedigastricm.,superficialtothecarotidsinus
• CNXIIpassessuperiorlyintothetongue.

Clinicaltest:
• tongueprotrusion
• tonguedeviates
towardssideof
lesion.

Neuro 1 (7 decks)

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