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Y3 Neurology > Anatomy Lecture 5 SOL > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 5 SOL Flashcards

1
Q

What causes brain herniation

A

Raised intra-cranial pressure within the cranial cavity

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2
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp

A 
S skin
C connective tissue
A aponeurosis
L loose connective tissue
P pericranium
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3
Q

Which scalp layer contains the arterial blood supply to the scalp

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of which artery

A

Internal carotid artery

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5
Q

What is the function of the skull sutures

A

To prevent propagation of skull fractures

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6
Q

INSERT QUESTIONS ON SKULL FORAMINAE FROM OSTEOLOGY CHECKLISTS

A

DO IT

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7
Q

What is the name of the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

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8
Q

What letter does the pterion resemble?

A

H

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9
Q

What bones contribute to the pterion?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

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10
Q

Name the bone feature of the occipital bone

A

External and internal occipital protruberances

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11
Q

The mastoid and styloid process are bony features of which bone?

A

Temporal bone

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12
Q

The optic canal is a feature of which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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13
Q

The cavernous sinus is a feature of which bone?

A

Sphenoid (body)

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14
Q

Which artery lies below the deep aspect of the pterion

A

Middle meningeal artery (located between bone and dura), (forms a groove in the skull)

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15
Q

Name the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A 
Dura mater (hard)
Arachnoid mater (spidery)
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater (faithful)
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16
Q

The dural venous sinuses are enclosed within which meningeal layer?

A

Dura mater

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17
Q

Which meningeal layer is responsible for reabsorbing CSF?

A

Arachnoid mater (via arachnoid granulations)

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18
Q

Stretching of which meningeal layer gives rise to pain during meningitis?

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

What is the location of the diaphragm sellae?

A

Over the pituitary fossa

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20
Q

What structure passes through the diaphragm sellae?

A

Pituitary stalk?

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21
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae formed of?

A

Dura mater

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22
Q

Name the tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What structure passes through the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Brainstem

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24
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli connect to?

A

Ridges of petrous temporal bone

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25
Q

What is the name of the part of dura mater attached to the deepest aspect of the skull?

A

Falx cerebri

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26
Q

What is the anterior attachment of the falx cerebri?

A

Crista galli of ethmoid bone

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27
Q

What is the posterior attachment of the falx cerebri?

A

Internal occipital protruberance of occipital bone

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28
Q

What is the function of the falx cerebri?

A

Separates R and L cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

Where do the cerebral veins drain to?

A

Dural venous sinuses

30
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus drain to and where?

A

Internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

31
Q

Where is the confluence of the venous sinuses?

A

In the midline at the internal occipital protruberances

32
Q

Name 4 of the dural venous sinuses

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
R/L sigmoid sinuses
Cavernous sinus

33
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Carotid canal

34
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen magnum

35
Q

Where does the external carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

It doesn’t

36
Q

Name the artery that connect the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries?

A

R and L posterior communicating arteries

37
Q

INSERT CIRCLE OF WILLIS PROPERLY (ON SLIDE 12 + 13)

A

DO IT

38
Q

What structure secretes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus of the ventricles

39
Q

What vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2 of sacrum

40
Q

What vertebral levels can a lumbar puncture be performed to access the subarachnoid space?

A

L3/4 or L4/5

41
Q

What is the location of the 3rd ventricle?

A

In the midline within the diencephalon

42
Q

What is the location of the lateral ventricles?

A

Within the cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

What structure connects the 4th ventricle and the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

44
Q

What is the location of the 4th ventricle?

A

Between the cerebellum and pons

45
Q

What structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

46
Q

What structure connects the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foraminae of Monro

47
Q

“Excessive production, obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption leads to an increased CSF volume” is the definition of what?

A

Hydrocephalus

48
Q

What is the function of ventricular peritoneal shunt?

A

Alleviates CSF pressure by creating a shunt between the ventricles and the peritoneal cavity

49
Q

Which levels of the meninges are cerebral veins found?

A

Cross the subarachnoid spaces to drain to e.g. superior sagittal sinus

50
Q

Which meningeal layer contains the circle of Willis?

A

Subarachnoid space

51
Q

Where is a extradural haemorrhage?

A

Between the bone and the dura

52
Q

Where is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Separates the dura from the arachnoid

53
Q

Where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Into the CSF of the subarachnoid space

54
Q

What blood vessel is affected by an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured middle meningeal artery

55
Q

What is the cause of extradural haemorrhages?

A

Pterion trauma

56
Q

What blood vessel is affected by a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Torn cerebral veins

57
Q

What blood vessel is affected by a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured Circle of Willis “berry” aneurysm

58
Q

What is the cause of subdural haemorrhages?

A

Falls in the elderly & those with problem drinking

59
Q

What is the cause of subarachnoid haemorrhages?

A

Congenital

60
Q

What connective tissue layers do epidural anaesthesia and lumbar punctures have to pass through?

A 
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligmanet
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
61
Q

During epidural anaesthesia or lumbar punctures, damage to what structure can result in epidural haematoma and what is the consequence of this?

A

Extradural venous plexus, compresses spinal cord or cauda equina

62
Q

What vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

63
Q

What structure consists of the L2 - C spinal nerve roots descending towards their respected intervertebral foraminae?

A

Cauda equina

64
Q

Name the 2 patterns of brain herniation

A

Supratentorial

Infratentorial

65
Q

An ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil (a blown pupil) in an uncal herniation is due to compression of what structure?

A

Oculomotor nerve

66
Q

Where do the cerebellar tonsils herniate to in a downward tonsillar (infratentorial) herniation?

A

Into foramen magum

67
Q

Are transcalvarial herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?

A

Supratentorial

68
Q

Are cingulate (subfalcine) herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?

A

Supratentorial

69
Q

Are uncal herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?

A

Supratentorial

70
Q

In an uncal herniation, which part of the brain herniates where?

A

Uncus, medial part, of the temporal lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli

Y3 Neurology (23 decks)

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