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MFSRH part 2 > Basic Science And Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Science And Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What spinal level do pain signals from the uterus, adnexae, ilium, colon and rectum travel via?

A

T10 - L1

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2
Q

Normal range of prolactin

A

50-450

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3
Q

Normal range of LH

A

2-12

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4
Q

Normal range of FSH

A

2 - 12

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5
Q

Normal range of Oestradiol

A

130-800

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6
Q

Arterial supply of the vagina

A

Vaginal artery and anastomoses with the uterine artery superiorly

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7
Q

At what gestation do limb buds develop

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

Average head circumference of a new born in the UK in CM

A

35 CM

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9
Q

Average length of the newborn in the UK in cm

A

50 CM

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10
Q

Average weight of a newborn in the UK in KG

A

3.5 KG

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11
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

Lateral border = Medial border of sartorius
Superior border = inguinal ligament
Medial border = adductor longus

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12
Q

Branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery

A 
Umbilical 
Obturator 
Inferior vesical 
Middle rectal 
Internal pudendal Inferior gluteal 
Uterine 
Vaginal
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13
Q

Branches of the pudendal nerve

A

Inferior rectal nerves
Dorsal nerve of the penis / clitoris
Perineal nerve

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14
Q

Cause of uterine didelphys

A

Failure of fusion of the Müllerian duct.

Causes double uterine body, cervix and vagina

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15
Q

Clinical effect of injury to the femoral nerve

A

Quadriceps muscle weakness –> weak knee extension.
Anterior thigh numbness.
Decreased / absent knee jerk

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16
Q

Clinical effect of injury to the sciatic nerve

A

Affects all muscles below the knee.
Foot drop, loss of knee flexion.
Inability to walk.
Loss of ankle jerk Normal knee jerk

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17
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal

A

Spermatic cord or round ligament

and Ilioinguinal nerve

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18
Q

Dermatome supply of anterior upper arm

A

C5

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19
Q

Dermatome supply of level of the nipple

A

T4

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20
Q

Dermatome supply of level of umbilicus

A

T10

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21
Q

Dermatome supply of medial ante-cubital fossa

A

T1

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22
Q

Dermatome supply of the acromio-clavicular joint

A

C4

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23
Q

Dermatome supply of the axilla

A

T2

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24
Q

Dermatome supply of the little finger

A

C8

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25
Q

Dermatome supply of the mid anterior thigh

A

L2

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26
Q

Dermatome supply of the middle finger

A

C7

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27
Q

Dermatome supply of the perianal area

A

S5

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28
Q

Dermatome supply of the thumb

A

c6

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29
Q

Duration for spermatogenesis

A

70-75 days

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30
Q

Floor of the femoral triangle

A

Adductor longus
Part of adductor brevis
Pectineus
Iliopsoas

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31
Q

Functions of the phrenic nerve

A

motor to the diaphragm

Sensory to the fibrous pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic peritoneum.

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32
Q

How many umbilical arteries and veins

A

2 arteries

1 vein

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33
Q

In early pregnancy what action should be taken if the uterus is retroverted?

A

None - normal variant

unless fixed retroverted and becomes incarcerated in the pelvis during 2ndT onwards

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34
Q

Management of a fixed retroverted uterus which becomes incarcerated in the pelvis in 2nd T

A

Manual reduction
+/- bladder drainage with catheter
Or manual reduction under spinal
Failing that - laparoscopy to re-position uterus

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35
Q

Length of the inguinal canal in adults

A

4cm

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36
Q

Length of vagina

A

6 - 7.5cm anteriorly

9cm posteriorly

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37
Q

Lymph drainage of base of cervix

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes

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38
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder

A

External Iliac nodes
Fundus to internal iliac nodes
Some to common Iliac and sacral

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39
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the distal rectum

A

Internal iliac nodes

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40
Q

Nerve root control of knee-jerk

A

L3/4

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41
Q

Nerve root of the femoral nerve

A

L2-4

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42
Q

Nerve root of the sciatic nerve

A

L4-5, S1-3

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43
Q

Nerve supply of the vagina

A

Lower part = pudendal nerve, inferior hypogastic and uterovaginal plexuses

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44
Q

Nerve supply of the vulva

A

Pudendal nerve gives branches of inferior rectal branch, divides into perineal nerve and dorsal nerve of the clitoris.
Perineal nerve = sensory to the vulva. Dorsal nerve of clitoris = sensory.
Sensation from the mons passes via the ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves.

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45
Q

Ovarian arteries are branches from where

A

Direct branch off abdominal aorta

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46
Q

Relation of the phrenic nerve to the hilum of the lung

A

Passes anterior

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47
Q

Relation of the uterine artery to the broad ligament and ureter

A

Lies in the base of the boad ligament.

Crosses anterior to the ureter

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48
Q

Sensory supply of the perineum

A

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.

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49
Q

Shape of external cervical os

A

In primips = circular

Multips= slit

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50
Q

Signs and symptoms of femoral nerve injury

A

Numbness over anterior thigh and medial leg
Weakness of the quadriceps muscle causing weak knee extension
Decreased knee-jerk

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51
Q

Signs and symptoms of sciatic nerve damage

A

Affects all muscles below the knee causing loss of knee flexion, foot drop and inability to walk Loss of ankle jerk Normal knee jerk

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52
Q

Symptoms of lateral cutaneous nerve injury / compression

A

Pain - paraesthesia / sensory loss over upper lateral thigh

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53
Q

The perineal body is the point of attachment for:

A 
Bulbospongiosus 
Deep transverse perineal muscles 
External anal sphincter 
Pubococcygeus 
Superficial transverse perineal muscles 
Levator ani
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54
Q

The right ureter lies in close relation to what structures

A 
Descending duodenum 
Right of the IVC 
Crossed by right colic and iliocolic vessels 
Uterine artery 
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
55
Q

To what lymph group does the cervix drain to

A

Internal iliac

56
Q

To what lymph group does the distal rectum drain to

A

Internal iliac

57
Q

To what lymph group does the majority of the breast drain to

A

Pectoral group of

the axillary lymph nodes

58
Q

To which lymph nodes does lymph from the scrotum and penis first pass?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

59
Q

Venous drainage of the bladder

A

Internal iliac veins

60
Q

Venous drainage of the right ovary

A

Direct into inferior Vena cava

61
Q

Venous drainage of the vagina

A

Vaginal plexus

With vaginal vein to internal iliac vein or uterine vein

62
Q

Venus drainage of the left ovary

A

Left renal vein

into inferior Vena cava

63
Q

What % of women have a retroverted uterus?

A

20%

64
Q

What and where is the squamocolumnar junction?

A

Junction between ectocervix and endocervix.
Exterior = squamous epithelium.
Interior = columnar epithelium

65
Q

What cell type is the ectocervix

A

squamous epithelium.

66
Q

What cell type is the endocervix

A

columnar epithelium

67
Q

What are he ovarian arteries a branch of

A

Direct branch off the abdominal aorta

68
Q

What are the 3 cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve

A

Medial and intermediate cutaneous nerve of the thigh.

Saphenous nerve

69
Q

What are the 3 sites of constriction of the ureters

A

Crossing the Pelvic brim
Pelvo-ureteric junction
vesico-uretreic junction

70
Q

What are the borders of the femoral canal

A

Anterior - inguinal ligament
Posterior - pectineal ligament
Medial - lacunar ligament
Lateral - femoral vein

71
Q

What are the options for correction of a retroverted uterus?

A

Gilliam’s ventrosuspension (laparoscopic)

Hodge pessary

Manchester procedure

72
Q

what do leydig cells produce

A

Testosterone

73
Q

What does the ductus venosus do

A

Connects left umbilical vein with upper inferior vena cava

74
Q

What does the embryo have by 4 weeks

A

Closed neural tube
Primitive heart
Gill arches
0.5 cm long

75
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A 
Fat 
Epidural veins (batsons plexus) 
Small arteries 
Lymphatics 
Spinal nerve roots
76
Q

What does the thymus develop from

A

endoderm

of the third pharyngeal pouch

77
Q

What hormone controls spermatogenesis

A

FSH (and Testosterone)

78
Q

What is meralgia paraesthetica

A

Entrapment neuropathy - lateral cutaneous nerve

79
Q

What is the anal reflex?

A

Pin prick of perianal skin causes a reflex contraction of external anal sphincter

80
Q

What is the cervix composed of

A

Fibrous tissue

81
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus

A

Connection between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta

82
Q

What is the effect of vaginal doderleins bacteria

A

Lower vaginal PH

83
Q

What is the Epiploic foramen

A

Communicating passage between the greatest sac and the lesser sac of the abdomen

84
Q

What is the Manchester operation a correction for?

A

Retroverted uterus - reposition within pevis

OR repair uterine prolapse and cysto-urethrocele

85
Q

What is the nerve root supply for the muscle group of the ankle reflex

A

S1-2

86
Q

What is the nerve root supply for the muscle group of the biceps reflex

A

C5 - 6

87
Q

What is the nerve root supply for the muscle group of the knee reflex

A

L3 - 4

88
Q

What is the pituitary gland derived from embryologically

A

Anterior pituitary from Ectoderm

Posterior pituitary from neuroderm

89
Q

What is the rectus sheath composed of?

A

Fibrous condensation of the aponeurotic layers of the anterior abdominal wall

90
Q

What is the sacrum composed of

A

5 fused vertebral bodies

91
Q

What is the transformation zone of the cervix?

A

The area where the columnar epithelium has under gone metaplasia to become squamous epithelium.

92
Q

What is the uterine artery a branch off?

A

Anterior trunk of the Internal iliac artery.

93
Q

What is uterine didelphys?

A

Uterine malformation where the uterus is paired.

Due to failure of fusion of Müllerian ducts

94
Q

What is waldeyers sheath

A

And the investment of muscles surrounding the ureteral opening in the bladder wall

95
Q

What joins the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Remains of the urachus - middle umbilical ligament

96
Q

What lies within the femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics

97
Q

What lymph group does the vulva drain to

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

98
Q

What muscle is mainly responsible for knee extension

A

Quadriceps

99
Q

What muscles does the median nerve innervate

A

LOAF muscles
Flexor carpi radialis
Pronator teres

100
Q

What muscles does the radial nerve supply

A

Triceps,
brachioradialis,
supinator,
abductor pollicis longus

101
Q

What never roots mediates the anal reflex

A

S3-4

102
Q

What roots supply the pudendal nerve

A

Anterior rami of S2-4

103
Q

What separates the female bladder from the anterior surface of the uterus

A

Vesicouterine excavation

104
Q

What structures prevent prolapse of the uterus and vagina

A

Uterosacral ligaments
Cardinal ligaments
Levator ani muscles

105
Q

What substance keeps the ductus arteriosus patent during pregnancy

A

Prostaglandin E2

106
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

107
Q

What vessel does the left ovarian vein drain into

A

Left renal vein

then the IVC

108
Q

What vessel does the right ovarian vein drain into

A

Direct to Inferior vena cava (IVC)

109
Q

Where does lymph from the Fallopian tube drain to?

A

Para-aortic nodes

110
Q

Where does the femoral artery lie

A

Midinguinal point

111
Q

Where does the foramen ovale connect

A

Connects right and left atria

112
Q

Where is the metopic suture

A

Between the 2 frontal bones

113
Q

Where is the midinguinal point

A

Midway between symphysis pubis and ASIS

114
Q

Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary gland

A

Superior

115
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found

A

Hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone

Inferior to the optic chiasm

116
Q

Where is the Sagittal suture

A

Separates the parietal bones

Extends from anterior fontanelle to posterior fontanelle

117
Q

Which embryological structure is the round ligament of the uterus derived from

A

Gubernaculum

118
Q

Which muscles in the lower limb is mainly responsible for ankle dorsiflexion

A

Tibialis anterior

119
Q

What is finasteride

A

Finasteride is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor.

120
Q

What is goserelin

A

Goserelin is a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue.

121
Q

What is Eflornithine

A

Eflornithine is an antiprotazoal

122
Q

What is Cyproterone acetate

A

Cyproterone acetate is an anti-androgen and progestogen

123
Q

What type of drug is metformin

A

Metformin is an insulin sensitiser

124
Q

Inheritance pattern of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive disorder

125
Q

What is the velocity of ultrasound dependent upon?

A

Compressibility of the medium through which it travels. Greater compressibility = slower speed
Compressibility is also affected tb temperature

126
Q

Effects of ultrasound on tissues

A

Cavitation
Heat generation
Microstreaming

127
Q

When does organogenesis occur?

A

Maximal at 6 - 8 weeks.

Occurs throughout 4 - 10 weeks

128
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

24-28 days after conception

129
Q

Why is pre conceptual folic acid so important

A

Neural tube closes early - between 24-28 days after conception.

130
Q

By what % does the maternal metabolic rate increase by during pregnancy?

A

25%

131
Q

What cell type is the yolk sac lined by

A

Extra-embryonic endoderm.

Outside this is extra-embryonic mesenchyme

132
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The structure formed in early pregnancy.
Formation begins 5 days after fertilization.
Rapid cleavage to 200-300 cells then embeds itself into the endometrium of the uterine wall

133
Q

What is a zygote

A

A fertilized ovum

134
Q

When does an embryo become a fetus

A

9 weeks

MFSRH part 2 (24 decks)

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