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Part 2 Exam > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor Markers

A

proteins released into the serum by tumors that can be used to screen populations for cancer and to monitor for recurrence after treatment

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2
Q

PSA, CEA, Alpha Fetoprotein

A

lack specific and sensitivity for early detection of cancer

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3
Q

PSA

A

prostate specific antigen and prostatic adenocarcinonma

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4
Q

CEA

A

carcinoembryonic antigen and carcinomas of the colon, pancreases, stomach, breast
BS PC

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5
Q

Alpha Fetoprotein

A

hepatocellular carcinoma, teratocarcinomas, embryonal cell carcinomas
-most likely used in the screening of patients for cancer

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6
Q

Tumor antigens

A

CTLs are the major immune defense mechanism against tumors

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7
Q

Tumor specific antigens

A

only on tumor cells (oncogenes and anti-oncogenes)

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8
Q

Tumor Associated antigens

A

on tumor an some normal cells

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9
Q

Benign tumor

A

its microscopic and gross characteristics are relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal

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10
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth

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11
Q

oncology

A

study of tumor

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12
Q

malignant tumor

A

collectively referred to as cancer, the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to cause death

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13
Q

Differentiation and Anaplasia

A
  • benign neoplasms are composed of well-differentiated cells that closely resemble their normal counterparts
  • lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is a hallmark of malignancy
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14
Q

Rate of Growth

A
  • benign neoplasms are slow growing
  • correlates inversely with level of differentiation of malignant tumors i.e. poorly differentiate tumors grow more rapidly
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15
Q

Local Invasion

A
  • benign neoplasms remain localized to site of origin

- malignant tumors grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, and penetration

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16
Q

Metastasis

A
  • secondary implants of a tumor that are discontinuous with the primary tumor and located in remote tissues
  • the more anapestic and the larger the primary neoplasms, the more likely is metastatic spread
17
Q

Cachexia

A

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia

18
Q

What causes cachexia

A

release of cytokines by the tumor or host

19
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue

20
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome caused by

A

the ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substance such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-alpha

21
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Cushing syndrom

22
Q

PTHrP

A

Parathyroid hormone related protein

23
Q

PTHrP and TGF-alpha

A

hypercalcemia

24
Q

6 Hallmarks of cancer

A

distinctive and complementary capabilities that enable tumor growth and metastatic dissemination

  1. Self-Sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  3. tissue invasion
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustained Angiogenesis
  6. Evading Apoptosis
25
Q

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

A

gene mutation allows for growth without stimulation from growth factor

26
Q

Insensitivity to anti-growth signals

A

checkpoints in cell cycle bypassed due to oncogenes

27
Q

Tissue invasion and metastasis

A

mutated proteins allows cells to escape from tissue into bloodstream and replant

28
Q

Limitless replicative potential

A

due to up regulation of the enzyme of telomerase and inability for short tellers to be recognized and destroyed

29
Q

Sustained angiogenesis

A

stimulates growth of new blood vessels by releasing protein hormones which are then used for oxygen and nutrients to grow

30
Q

Evading apoptosis

A

tumor suppressed genes inhibited

31
Q

Photo-oncogenes

A
  • normally help cells grow
  • mutated genes can become permanently activate when it is not supposed to be
  • the cell grows out of control which can lead to cancer (now classified as an oncogene)
32
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A
  • AKA anti-oncogenes

- normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or induce apoptosis

33
Q

AIDS defining cancers

A
  • kaposi sarcoma
  • non-hodgkin lymphoma
  • cervical cancer in women
34
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A
  • vascular tumor that was previously that most common neoplasm in AIDS before the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy
  • causes aggressive lesions on the skin, mucus membranes, GI tracts
35
Q

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • second most common neoplasm in AIDS

- highly aggressive and is EBV related if the brain is involved

36
Q

Cervical cancer in women

A
  • attributed to the high incidence of HPV in patients with AIDS
  • gynecological exam should be routine evaluation in HIV infected women
37
Q

Non-AIDS defining cancers

A
  • liver cancer
  • anal cancer
  • Hodgkin Lymphoma

Part 2 Exam (7 decks)

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