Onc Flashcards
What is the grade of a cancer?
How much is resembles cells of origin
Poorly differentiated= dont resemble original cell and rpaid growth
What is stage of cancer?
Size and spread
Explain TNM staging?
Tumour 0-4 depending on cancer
Nodes (0 -2)
Mets (0-1)
What is neo adjuvant chemo?
Before surgery to shrink tumour
What is adjuvant chemo?
Post chemo
How does radiotherapy work?
Creates O2 free radicals whichdamage DNA
Which causes more side effects? More small sessions or fewer long ones?
Fewer long ones- used for palliative chemo
What are short term side effects of chemo?
Nausea Vomit Anorexia Oesophagitis Diarrhoea
What is initial response to immunotherapy?
Causes tumour to swell
What ECG sign is present in hypercalcaemia?
Short QT
How is hypercalcaemia managed?
Rehydrate
Bisphosphonates- Pamindronate
What are side effects of bisphosphonates?
Bone pain Myalgia Headache Low phosphate Osteonecrosis of jaw
What is given for persistant hypercalcaemia?
Denosumab monoclonal ab which inhibits RANK and this osteoclast maturation
What malignancies cause hypercalcaemia?
Breast
Myeloma
Lung
Prostate
How do you investigate SVCO?
CT and Doppler
How to you manage SVCO?
Elevate head
O2
Dexamethasone
Stenting or radiotherapy
Why are cancer patients prone to catastrophic bleed?
Low platelets or liver pathology
How is catastrophic bleeding managed?
Transexamic acid
Arenaline soaked gauze
Oral transxeamic acid
What are risk factors for tumour lysis syndrome?
Volume depletion
Renal impairment
High pre treatment urate/lactate/LDH
What is presentation of tumour lysis syndrome?
Weakness Constipation Vomit Palpitations Chest pain Arrythmias and collapse Decrased urine output AKI
What is pathophysiology of tumour lysis syndrome?
AKI caused by high urate and calcium deposits in tubules