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Neurology > Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

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2
Q

Olfactory nerve is the only sensory modality that does not synapse in the thalamus, true or false

A

true

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3
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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4
Q

What sensory neurons pick sense olfaction

A

bipolar neurons

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5
Q

What type of nuclei are motor components associated with

A

motor nuclei

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6
Q

What type of nuclei are sensory components associated with

A

sensory nuclei

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7
Q

Where are the nuclei of CN 3, 4, 6 and 12 found

A

midline

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8
Q

Oculomotor nerve: what is the nucleus for the somatic motor modality

A

nucleus of oculomotor nerve

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9
Q

Oculomotor nerve: what is the nucleus for parasympathetics

A

Edinger-Westphal EW nucleus

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10
Q

Where are the CN 3 nuclei found

A

superior colliculus in midbrain

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11
Q

What is the nucleus for the trochlear nerve - somatic motor

A

nucleus of trochlear nerve

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12
Q

Where is the nucleus of trochlear nerve found

A

inferior colliculus in midbrain

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13
Q

what nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve

A

mesencephalic nucleus
principle sensory nucleus
spinal nucleus
motor nucleus of CN V

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14
Q

Where are the trigeminal nuclei found

A

pons

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15
Q

What nucleus is associated with the abducens nerve - somatic motor

A

nucleus of abducent nerve

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16
Q

Where is the CN VI nucleus found

A

pons

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17
Q

What is the nucleus associated with the hypoglossal nerve

A

nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve

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18
Q

where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve found

A

medulla

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19
Q

What are the nuclei for the facial nerve:
motor
sensory
parasympathetic

A 
motor = nucleus of facial nerve
sensory = geniculuate nucleus/solitary tract
parasympathetic = superior salivatory nucleus
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20
Q 
What are the nuclei for the glossopharyngeal nerve:
sensory 
special sensory - taste
parasympathetic 
motor
A 
sensory = spinal trigeminal nucleus
taste = solitary tract nucleus 
parasympathetic = inferior salivatory nucleus 
motor = nucleus ambiguus
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21
Q 
What are the nuclei of the vagus nerve:
sensory 
taste (epiglottis - negligible)
parasympathetic
motor
A 
sensory = spinal trigeminal nucleus 
taste = solitary tract nucleus 
parasympathetic = dorsal motor nucleus 
motor = nucleus ambiguus
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22
Q

Which cranial nerves share the solitary tract nucleus and what is the main function and where is it found

A

CN VII, IX, X
Taste
Medulla

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23
Q

Which cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus and where is it found

A

CN IX + X

Medulla

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24
Q

Which cranial nerves share the salivatory nuclei

A

facial (superior)

glossopharyngeal (inferior)

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25
Q

Sensory modalities of which cranial nerves share the spinal trigeminal nucleus

A

trigeminal
glossopharyngeal
vagus

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26
Q

What is meant by brain death

A

irreversible cessation of brainstem function

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27
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract

A

part of the pyramidal/descending tract that is motor output for cranial nerves 5, 7, 10, 12
ie regulation of brainstem activity

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28
Q

input to the corticobulbar tract is bilateral, what is the exception

A

input to the facial nucleus is only bilateral to muscles that control the upper face only

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29
Q

What is the input for parasympathetic CN 3, 7, 9, 10

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

network of loosely aggregated cells in the central core of the brainstem

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31
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation

A 
integrate CN reflexes 
conduction and modulation of pain 
voluntary movement 
autonomic activity 
respiration 
sleep 
maintains consciousness
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32
Q

What is the pathway of the olfactory nerve

A

olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
olfactory bulb
cerebral cortex

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33
Q

What is the pathway of the oculomotor nerve

A

midbrain
lateral to cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure
orbit + ciliary ganglion

34
Q

What is the pathway of the trochlear nerve

A

midbrain
lateral wall of cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure
superior oblique muscle

35
Q

What is the pathway of the abducent nerve

A

pontomedullary junction
WITHIN the cavernous sinus
superior orbital fissure
Lateral rectus muscle

36
Q

Which cranial nerve travels within the cavernous sinus

A

CN VI

37
Q

What is the pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

cochlear and vestibular apparatus
internal acoustic meatus
towards PMJ
pontomedullary junction

38
Q

What is the pathway of the spinal accessory nerve

A

cervical spinal cord
enters foramen magnum
exits jugular foramen
supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

39
Q

What is the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve

A

medulla oblongata
anterior to hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal canal
descends lateral to the carotid sheath and goes to supply the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

40
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue does CN XII NOT supply

A

palatoglossus - supplied by CN X

41
Q

Where in the brainstem does CN V originate

A

pons

travels inferior to the tentorium cerebelli

42
Q

What are the cranial formainae for
CN V1
CN V2
CN V3

A
  1. superior orbital fissure
  2. foramen rotundum
  3. foramen ovale
43
Q

What is the pathway of the facial nerve

A

pontomedullary junction
internal acoustic meatus
muscles of facial expression, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

44
Q

What supplies taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

A

chorda tympani of facial nerve

45
Q

In Bells palsy, is taste preserved?

A

yes, taste is still fine because chorda tympani has already branched off

46
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull

A

stylomastoid foramen

47
Q

What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

medulla oblongata
jugular foramen
descends towards pharynx and mouth

48
Q

Which salivary gland does CN IX innervate

A

parotid gland

49
Q

What is the pathway of the vagus nerve

A

medulla oblongata
jugular foramen
descends in carotid sheath, supplies from palate to midgut, gives of RLN branches

50
Q

Auditory pathway is bilateral, true or false

A

true

51
Q

Describe the auditory pathway (ECOLI)

A 
Eighth cranial nerve 
Cochlear nuclei (pons)
superior Olivary nucleus (pons)
Lateral lemniscus 
Inferior colliculus (midbrain)
medial geniculate body 
thalamus 
auditory cortex
52
Q

What is the lateral lemniscus in the auditory pathway

A

band of white matter carrying auditory information

53
Q

What is the trapezoid body in the auditory pathway

A

carries information from the cochlear nucleus in the pons on one side of the body to the superior olivary nucleus on the other side

54
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

55
Q

Tonotopic organisation is present in the auditory cortex, true or false

A

true

56
Q

Where is Broca’s area found

A

left cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobe

57
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area found

A

left cerebral hemisphere in the temporal lobe

58
Q

Damage to the Broca’s area results in what

A

Broca’s/expressive aphasia
difficulty in speech production
language comprehension is in tact

59
Q

Damage to the Wernicke’s area results in what

A

Wernicke’s/receptive aphasia
difficulty in language comprehension
speech production is in tact

60
Q

where do the 4 vestibular nuclei connect to

A

thalamus
medial longitudinal fasciculus + CN 3,4,6 nuclei
cerebellum
spinal cord

61
Q

What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

tract in brainstem which coordinates eye movements with head and neck movements

62
Q

Where is the highest level of visual acuity found in the retina

A

fovea centralis in the macula

63
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

auditory or visual

A

auditory

64
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

auditory or visual

A

visual

65
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A 
visual fields 
retinal fields
optic nerves
optic chiasm 
optic tracts 
(superior colliculi for reflexes)
lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus 
optic radiations 
primary visual cortex in the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe
66
Q

The lower visual field is projected to the gyrus superior/inferior to the calcarine sulcus

A

superior

67
Q

The upper visual field is projected to the gyrus superior/inferior to the calcarine sulcus

A

inferior

68
Q

What are optic radiations also known as

A

geniculocalcarine tracts

69
Q

What is Meyer’s loop

A

fibres of the optic radiations that are part of the internal capsule that come from the upper visual field / lower retinal fields which loop around the temporal part of the lateral ventricles ending below the calcarine sulcus

70
Q

fibres from upper/lower visual fields are found in Meyer’s loop

A

upper visual fields

lower retinal fields

71
Q

what movements does the visual cortex (occipital lobe) provide

A

movements in response to visual stimuli eg tracking moving objects
smooth eye movement

72
Q

what movements do the frontal eye fields control

A

movements of command ie independent of moving visual stimuli

jerky eye movements

73
Q

Where are frontal eye fields found

A

motor cortex

74
Q

What are the visual reflexes

A

pupillary light reflex

accommodation reflex

75
Q

What does the pupillary light reflex look for

A

direct and consensual pupillary constriction

unilateral stimulus provides a bilateral response

76
Q

What nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex

A

optic nerve = afferent

oculomotor nerve = efferent

77
Q

What is the accommodation reflex

A

looks for convergence, pupillary constriction and ciliary muscle contraction
tests CN III - EW nucleus

78
Q

List some white matter tracts of the brain

A

association fibres
commissural fibres
projection fibres

79
Q

What are association fibres

A

connect cortical sites lying in the same cerebral hemisphere

80
Q

What are commissural fibres

A

connect one cerebral hemisphere with the other - usually those with similar functions

81
Q

What are projection fibres

A

fibres that connect cerebral hemispheres to deeper structures eg thalamus, corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

Neurology (25 decks)

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