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09- Neurology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the neuron is made up of which several components?

A

cell body/ soma

dendrites

axon

schwann cells

axon terminal

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2
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

star-shaped glial cells wihin teh brain and spinal cord

store glycogen

remove exce potassion

removal of neurtransmitters

promote myelination by oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

which cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

(schwann cells = PNS)

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4
Q

where do microglial cells originate?

A

mesodermal origin

phagocytic and immunocompetent cellls

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5
Q

what cells line the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord? what is their function?

A

ependymal cells: produce CSF

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6
Q

how are ependymal cells attached and what covers their surface?

A

basal membranes are attached to astrocytes

surface covered with cilia and microvilli

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7
Q

what is the function of cilia and microvilli located on the surfcae of ependymal cells?

A

cilia- circulation of CSF

microvilli- absorption of CSF

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8
Q

which two groups of cells comprise the nervous system?

A

glial cells: support, noiurishment, insulation

nuerons: sensing changes and communication

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9
Q

broadly speaking what is the function of the ascending and descending spinal tracts?

A

ascending: relayign sensory information from the PNS to the brain

descending: motor signals fron the brain to LMN

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10
Q

how do astrocytes support the CNS?

A

break down excess neurotransmitter

store small amounts of glycogen

maintain low ionic environment

create BBB

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11
Q

which cells are known as teh immune cells of the brain?

A

microglia

immunosuppressive and phagocytic functions

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12
Q

what are the pH, osmolarity, protein and glucose levels in CSF compared to blood?

A

pH, lower

osmolarity, equal

protein, higher

glucose, lower

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13
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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14
Q

what volume of CSF is produced each day?

A

around 500ml: 150-250ml is present in the body at any one time

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15
Q

how does CSF move through ventricles?

A

lateral ventricles ⇒ third ventricle ⇒ fourth ventricle ⇒ subarachnoid space

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16
Q

how is CSF drained?

A

drained into superior sagittal venous sinus through arachnoid villi

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17
Q

functions of CSF?

A

bouyancy for the brain

shock absorbance

homeostasis: regulates distribution of metabolites

clears waste products produced by brain

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18
Q

an abnormal increase in CSF volume within the ventricular system is known as what?

A

hydrocephalus: casues inc pressure within cranium and possible brain tissue damage

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19
Q

what are the two types of hydrocephalus?

A

communicating: CSF not reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses due to functional impairment of arachnoid villi

non-communicating: obstruction to CSF outflow

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20
Q

causes of communicating hydrocephlaus?

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage, meningitis

21
Q

how is hydrocephalus managed?

A

surgery: shunt placed from the ventricles to the atria of the heart of abdo cavity.

22
Q

how do neurotransmitters transmit signals?

A

across synapses

23
Q

what is a synapse?

A

junction through which a neuron relays information to another neuron

24
Q

what are the three main components of a synapse?

A

axon terminal/ presynaptic cleft (transmits info)

synaptic cleft

dendrite/ post synpatic cleft (receives info)

25
Q

at which 3 locatiosn can neurotrnamsitters transmit signals across a synapse?

A

one neuron to another

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

neuron to target gland

26
Q

neurotransmitters can be grouped into one of two classes based on what?

A

structure or function

27
Q

neurotransmitters can be classed as the following based on structure?

A

monoamines

amino acids

peptides

other: ACh, adenosine, NO

28
Q

neurotransmitters can be classed as what based on their function?

A

exicitatory: inc electrical excitability on post-synaptic side
inhibitory: decrease excitatory excitability
neuromodulators: alter strength of transmission between neurons by affecting porduction/ release of neurotransmitters

29
Q

which is th most abundant neurotransmitter within the brain?

A

glutamate

30
Q

what class of neurotransmitter is glutamate?

A

excitatory

31
Q

what 4 receptors does glutamate bind to?

A

NMDA receptors

AMPA receptors

Kainate receptors

Metabotropic G-protein couples receptors

32
Q

glutamate is thought ot have an essential role in which neurological processes?

A

learning and memory, particularly in the process of long-term potentiation

33
Q

Acetycholine (ACh) is synthesised in neurons from which two substances?

A

acetyl-CoA and choline

34
Q

ACh binds to which to receptor types?

A

Nicotonic: found at the NMJ, CNS, autonomic nervous system, pre-synaptically in brain

Muscarinic: G protein coupled receptors fround in CNS and within post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

35
Q

which neurotransmittor is synthesised from glutamate?

A

GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter

36
Q

GABA binds to which receptor types?

A

GABA A receptors: permeable to chloride and bicarbonate ions

GABA B receptors: G protein coupled receptors

37
Q

is glycine an inhibitatory or excitatory neurontransmitter?

A

both

inhibibitory: ihibition of antagonistic muscles in spinal reflexes
excitatory: co-agonist at glutamatergic NMDA receptors in CNS

38
Q

which neurotransmitter receptor do benzodiazepines bind to?

A

GABA receptors

39
Q

the peripheral nervous system is classified into which two systems?

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

40
Q

describe the afferent and efferent arms of the PNS

A

afferent: sensory neurons running from receptors to teh CNS
efferent: motor neurons runnign from CNS to the effector organ

41
Q

how do efferent nerves differ in fucntion between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

efferent nerves of somatic system is responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscle

efferent nerves of autonomic system control visceral functions i.e. heart rate, digestion, salivation, urination etc (can be further subdivided into parasympathetic or symapthetic)

42
Q

where does the symapthetic nervous system arise and what length of pre/post ganglionic neurons does it use?

A

orignates from the throacolumbar segments of the spinal cord

short preganlgionic neuronsand long postganglionic neurons

43
Q

which neurotransmitter do the preganglionic and postganlgionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system use?

A

preganglionic- ACh

postganglionic- noradrenaline

Exception to this is the innervation of the sweat glands and chromaffin cells of teh adrenal medulla: cholinergic so use ACh

44
Q

where does the parasymapthetic nervous system arise and what length of pre/post ganglionic neurons does it use?

A

arises from the craniosacral segments of the spinal cord

long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons

45
Q

which neurotransmitter do the preganglionic and postganlgionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system use?

A

both use acetylcholine

46
Q

which nervous sytem is found within the lining of the GI tract?

A

enteric nervous system

47
Q

the enteric nervous sytem consists of which two plexuses and where are they located?

A

Myenteric plexus: found between inner and outer layers of muscularis externa

Submucosal plexus: found in submucosal layer

48
Q

what is teh function of the myenteric and submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric- responsible for increasing tone of gut, controls velocity and intensity of contractions

Submucosal: responsible for secretions and absoprtion in the gut, controls local muscle movements as well

09- Neurology (16 decks)

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