Q: Meaning of the acronym ACE?
A: Adverse Childhood Experiences
Q: Number of participants in the original ACE Study?
A: ~17,000
Q: Demographic profile of ACE Study participants?
A: Middle-class American adults
Q: Three main categories of Adverse Childhood Experiences?
A: Abuse, Neglect, Family Dysfunction
Q: Types of “Abuse” measured in the ACE Study?
A: Emotional, Physical, Sexual
Q: Types of “Neglect” measured in the ACE Study?
A: Physical, Emotional
Q: Five types of “Family Dysfunction” measured in ACEs?
A: Substance abuse, Mental illness, Mother treated violently, Parental divorce, Incarcerated relative
Q: Proportion of adults with at least one ACE?
A: Two out of three (approx. 66%)
Q: Probability of having a second ACE if one is present?
A: 87%
Q: ACE Score definition?
A: The count of categories of adverse experiences (0-10)
Q: Gender more likely to have an ACE Score >5?
A: Women (50% more likely than men)
Q: General relationship between ACE Score and health problems?
A: Graded (dose-response) relationship
Q: Life expectancy reduction for people with 6+ ACEs?
A: ~20 years
Q: Percentage increase in IV drug use risk for ACE score ≥ 6?
A: 4,600% increase
Q: Increase in suicide risk for ACE score > 6?
A: 30 – 51 times higher
Q: Correlation between ACE score and antidepressant prescriptions?
A: Prescription rates increase as ACE score increases
Q: Impact of ACEs on adult memory?
A: Higher scores correlate with impaired memory of childhood
Q: Physical diseases strongly linked to high ACE scores?
A: Ischemic heart disease, Cancer, COPD, Liver disease, Obesity
Q: Behavioral “solutions” patients often use for ACE-related pain?
A: Substance abuse, overeating, tobacco, high-risk sexual behavior
Q: Economic toll of child maltreatment (per year)?
A: $124 billion
Q: Primary stress response system dysregulated by early adversity?
A: HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal)
Q: Brain structures structurally altered by ACEs?
A: Hippocampus and Amygdala
Q: Consequence of chronic HPA axis activation?
A: Sustained increase in stress hormones (Cortisol)
Q: Biological result of defects in negative feedback loops?
A: Inflammation (pathogenesis for disease)
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Brain, Spinal Cord, & Meninges42
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Skull49
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Neuroembryology37
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Neck30
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Fascial planes/neck organization41
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Pharyngeal arches64
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Cranial circulation66
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CSF and BBB54
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Superficial features60
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Histology of nerve cells56
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Synaptic transmission and neural reflexes52
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Infratemporal fossa50
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Eye & orbit anatomy49
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Histology of the eye37
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Visual control and reflexes38
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Visual perception & photoreception32
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Anatomy & histology of ear38
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Auditory and Vestibular Systems57
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Auditory Physiology40
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Nasal cavity17
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Oral cavity45
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Pharynx40
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Larynx29
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Histology of nasal cavity, pharynx, & larynx17
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Histology of tongue & salivary glands42
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Anatomy/Physiology of Gustation & Olfaction71
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Deglutition26
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Embryology of special senses37
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Cranial autonomics34
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Viral structure & replication36
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Virological Methods39
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DNA Viruses98
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RNA Viruses78
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Autonomics51
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Spinal Cord Topography & Motor37
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Spinal Cord Sensory & Clinical55
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Somatic Sensations - Tactile & Position Senses35
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Pain & Temperature31
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Brainstem37
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Trigeminal System28
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Basal Ganglia30
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Cerebellum41
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Reticular Formation36
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Thalamus38
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Limbic system & amygdala35
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Cerebral cortex & hippocampus36
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Learning & Memory43
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Sleep and Circadian Rhythm55
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Speech & Language51
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Advance directives, brain death, & futility33
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Levels of Consciousness, Coma, & Brain Death49
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Hypothalamus41
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Epithalamus26
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Intro to Mental Status Exam41
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Intro to Psychological Concepts29
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Lifespan Development67
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Human Sexuality34
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Normal Neonatal and Pediatric Development67
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Normal Changes of Aging53
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Intro to Psychological Disorders48
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Theory of Personality51
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Interoception, stress, & inflammation33
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Human Sexuality Pathology32
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Stress Response50
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Defense Mechanisms38
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Osteopathic Considerations in Behavioral Medicine46
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ACE Study40
