Market share
( Sales of one business / Sales of all ) x 100
PED
% change in demand / % change in price
YED
% change in demand / % change in income
Contribution per unit
SP - VC
Total contribution
( SP - VC ) x quantity
Break even point
Fixed costs / contribution
Margin of safety
output - BEP
ROCE
( gross profit - capital employed ) x 100
Gross profit
SP - direct costs
Gross profit margin
( gross profit / sales ) x 100
Net profit
gross profit - expenditure
Net profit margin
( net profit / sales ) x 100
Net cash flow
Inflow - outflow