what are the intrinsic back muscles?
Erector Spinae
Transversospinalis
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neurone
What are the two main types of neurone?
Multipolar
Unipolar
What do multipolar neurones normally do?
Innervate skeletal muscle and are responsible for the autonomic nervous system
Where is the cell body of multipolar neurones found?
In the Central Nervous system
What do Unipolar neurones do?
Sensory receptors
Where is the cell body found in unipolar neurones?
The cell body is found in the peripheral nervous system
What neurone is afferent and what neurone is efferent?
Multipolar - efferent
Unipolar - afferent
What does efferent and afferent mean?
Efferent - effectively moving something
Afferent- aouch - sensory
What is a nerve?
Collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels
Name the 12 cranial nerves?
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducent
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve
X Vagus
XI Spinal Accessory nerve
XII Hypoglossal nerve
What are the special sensory nerves?
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
What are the motor cranial nerves?
Oculomotor
Trochlear
abducent
spinal accessory
Hypoglossal
What cranial nerves have both a sensory and motor component ?
Trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus Nerve
Where do you find spinal nerves?
Only in the intervertebral foramen
Do sensory axons pass into the posterior or anterior horn of the spinal cord?
All sensory axons pass from the spinal nerve into the poterior horn
What do sensory axons travel through starting at the spinal nerve>
Dorsal root ganglion
Posterior roots
Posterior rootlets
Posterior horn
Where motor axons travel from starting from the spinal cord and ending at the spinal nerve?
Anterior horn
Anterior rootlets
Anterior root
Spinal nerve
What does each spinal nerve pair supply to each body segment?
General sensory supply
Somatic motor to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic nerve supply to the skin and to the smooth muscles of arterioles
What is a dermatome?
Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve
What is a myotome?
The skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve
What dermatome is located at the male nipple?
T4
What dermatome is at the umbilicus?
T10
What dermatomes supply the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?
C2 C3 C4
What dermatomes are involved in the upper limb?
C5 - T1
What anterior rami form the cervical plexus?
c1-c4
What anterior rami form the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
What anterior rami form the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
What anterior rami form the Sacral plexus?
L5-S4
At what vertebral level is the sympathetic chain?
T1 to L2
How the presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the central nervous system?
Some cranial nerves
Sacral Spinal nerves
What spinal nerves let presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the central nervous system?
Oculomotor nerve
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
How does parasympathic supply get to the eye?
Via the ciliary ganglion
How do the organs of the neck, chest and midgut get parasympathetic supply?
vagus nerve
How does the hindgut, pelvis and perineum get its parasympathetic supply?
Via the sacral spinal nerves
What is horner's syndrome?
Impaired sympathic innervation to head and neck
Miosis
ptosis
anhydrosis
increased warmth and redness
What are the names of the three parts of the trapezius muscle?
Descending
Transverse
Ascending
What muscle is commonly responsible for lower back pain
Erector Spinae
What do the extrinsic back muscles do ?
Move upper limb
What are the extrinsic back muscles?
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
levator scapule
What do the intrinsic back muscles do?
Maintain back posture
Move spine
Where does the erector spinae attatch?
Inferirorly to the sacrum and the iliac crest
Superiorly to either a rib or a vertebrae
Where do you find the transversospinalis?
Found within the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes
How are the muscles of the back aranged? (axial Image)
What muscles flex the spine?
Psoas major and rectus abdominis
What muscles extend the spine?
Erector spinae and transversospinalis
What do you call the space between vertebrae that the spinal nerves pass through?
Intervertberal foramen
What are the tough parts of the intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
What are the three ligament strips associated with the spinal cord?
Ligamentum flavum
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
What are the two ligaments associated with the spinous processes ?
What is special about C1's shape?
It does not have a body or a spinous process
instead it has an anterior arch and a posterior arch
What is special about C2's shape?
It has an odontoid process which projects superiorly from the body
What is the first palpable spinous process ( normally )
C7
What joint is responsible for flexion and extension of the neck?
Atlanto-occipital join
What joint is responsible for turning your head?
Atlanto-axial joints
What spinal nerve root levels make up the femoral nerve?
L2 L3 L4
What supplies cutaneous innervation over the spine?
Posterior parts of the back dermatomes are supplied by posterior rami.
How do you test C5 myotome?
Abduction
How do you test C7 myotome?
Adduction
How do you test c8 myotome?
Finger flexion
How do you test c7 myotome?
Finger Extension
How do you test T1 myotome?
Adduction
How do you test L2,L3 myotome?
hip flexion
How do you test L5 and S1 myotome?
Hip extension