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The Endocrine System > Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

The diencephalon cnnects which aspects of the brain?

A

Right and left hemispheres and midbrain

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3
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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4
Q

Into which two parts is the pituitary gland split?

A

Anterior and posterior

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5
Q

The pituitary gland sits within the pituitary fossa which is located in which bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

The pituitary fossa lies within what?

A

Sella turcica

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7
Q

What are the two types of retina within the eye?

A
  1. Nasal retina
  2. Temporal retina
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8
Q

The optic canal runs through which bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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9
Q

The right and left optic nerves combine/cross over forming what?

A

Optic chiasm

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10
Q

The pituitary gland originates from which embryogenic tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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11
Q

Which aspect of the pituitary is most glandular?

A

Anterior

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12
Q

The optic chiasm gives off what?

A

Optic tracts

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13
Q

Where do the optic tracts synapse?

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

What happens after the optic tracts synapse in the thalamus?

A

The next axons in the chain pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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15
Q

Optic nerves from the nasal retinae will _______ _______ at the optic chiasm

A

Optic nerves from the nasal retinae will switch sides at the optic chiasm

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16
Q

What is the name of the condition when a patient loses the ability to see bilaterally in the temporal side of their vision?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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17
Q

Which two surgical procedures can allow access to the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Transcranial approach (under frontal lobe)
  2. Transsphenoidal approach (via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus)
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18
Q

Which nasal conchae bone is a bone in itself without joining another conchae bone?

A

Inferior nasal concha

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19
Q

Both the ________ and __________ nasal conchae are part of the _________ bone

A

Both the superior and middle nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

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20
Q

How many types of paranasal sinuses are there?

A

4

21
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces within bones surrounding the nasal cavity

22
Q

What are the four different paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal sinuses
  2. Maxillary sinuses
  3. Ethmoidal air cells
  4. Sphenoid sinuses
23
Q

Which type of mucusa lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory mucosa (mucous-secreting)

24
Q

What are some proposed functions for the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. To make mucous and drain it into the nasal cavities
  2. Reduce weight of skull
  3. Add resonance to voice
25
Q

Which type of fracture can be caused to allow for better surgical access to the pituitary via the transnasal approach?

A

Le fort I

26
Q

Which artery crosses the anterior surface of the pons?

A

Basilar artery

27
Q

What is the name of cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor nerve

28
Q

What is the name of cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

29
Q

What is the name of cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducens nerve

30
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A
  1. Opthalmic nerve
  2. Maxillary nerve
  3. Mandibular nerve
31
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is lined with what?

A

Dura mater

32
Q

What is the name given to the tough sheet of dura mater forming a covering over the pituitary fossa?

A

Diaphragm sellae

33
Q

What is the name given to the tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

34
Q

Why does the tentorium cerebelli have a central gap?

A

To allow passage of the brainstem

35
Q

What is the name given to the vein-like structures which drain blood within the floor of the posterior cranial floor?

A

Dural venous sinuses

36
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

Jugular foraminae into internal jugular veins

37
Q

Which arteries pass through the caverous sinuses?

A

Internal carotid arteries

38
Q

What connects the left and right caverous sinuses anterior to the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior intercavernous sinus

39
Q

What surrounds the pituitary gland?

A

Caverous and intercavernous sinuses

40
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

A

Most movements of the eye and that to raise the eyelid

41
Q

What does innervation of the trochlear nerve do?

A

Abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye

42
Q

Which muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

Superior oblique muscle of the eye

43
Q

Which muscle does the abducens nerve innervate in the eye?

A

Lateral rectus muscle

44
Q

What is the function of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

A

Lateral movement of the eyeball, specifically abduction

45
Q

The internal carotid arteries enter the _______ _________ in the ___________ bones

A

The internal carotid arteries enter the carotid canals in the temporal bones

46
Q

Damage to which structure after pituitary gland surgery may result in a dilated pupil?

A

Oculomotor nerve

47
Q

Damage to which structure after pituitary gland surgery may lead to cerebrospinal fluid leak?

A

Dura mater

48
Q

What are the contents of the canvernous sinus?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery
  2. Internal jugular vein
  3. CN III, IV, V1, V2, IV
  4. Periarterial sympathetic nerve fibres

The Endocrine System (35 decks)

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