CBCC-KA Study > Applied Behavior Analysis & Conditioning > Flashcards

Applied Behavior Analysis & Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

The length of time from a specific cue to the onset of behavior is the:
A) Interval
B) Latency
C) Frequency
D) Topography

A

B) Latency

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2
Q

What is the number of times a response occurs during an observational period?
A) Rate
B) Duration
C) Intensity
D) Frequency

A

D) Frequency

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3
Q

If a behavior occurs during 25 out of 200 sample intervals, what is the score for this one-zero sampling?
A) 0.125
B) 1.25
C) 12.5
D) 175

A

A) 0.125

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4
Q

What is one-zero sampling?

A

A method of recording if a behavior occurs in a specific time interval.

In X seconds, did the behavior happen or not happen? One if yes, or zero if no.

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5
Q

Which of the following involves the systematic manipulation of environmental contingencies?
A) Functional analysis
B) Behavioral accountability
C) Statistical function analysis
D) Contingent assessment tool

A

A) Functional analysis

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6
Q

Which of these is NOT a factor in affecting the aversiveness of a trigger?
A) Distance
B) Orientation
C) Animation
D) None of the Above

A

D) None of the Above

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7
Q

What is a Response Rate?

A

How many times a behavior occurs within a specific unit of time.

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8
Q

The study of the functional relations between behavior and environmental events is

A

Behavioral Analysis

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9
Q

The definition of Behavioral Analysis is

A

The study of the functional relations between behavior and environmental events.

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10
Q

A Functional Relation is

A

The tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events

“If X, then Y” - more accurately X and Y vary together in some regular way.

Example: I turn the key and my car starts. I pick up a leash and my dog excited for a walk.

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11
Q

Overt Behavior is

A

Behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it.

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12
Q

Covert Behavior is

A

Cannot be measured/observed by a third party.

Behavior that can only be observed by the person performing it.

Example: Thoughts

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13
Q

Respondent Behavior is

A

Reflexive Behavior

Behavior that is most readily influenced by events that precede it.

Examples: Startle responses, Blinking your eye when a puff of air hits it, emotional physiological responses.

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14
Q

Operant Behavior is

A

Behavior that is influenced by events that follow it.

Learning with consequences.

Sit = treat
Hand on stove = burn

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15
Q

Setting Events are

A

Antecedents

The conditions in the environment related to when the behavior appears.

Internal: Wellness
External: Location, Stimuli, Cues

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16
Q

Establishing Operations in an Antecedent refers to:

A

Concept of filling or draining the “gas tank” to alter the value of the reinforcer that you’ll use.

Example: Starting with your dog slightly hungry to increase the value of treats

Example: Being very boring when you come in the door so you are less rewarding

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17
Q

What is the defining feature of Primary Reinforcers?
A) They acquire their reinforcing properties through learning
B) They are dependent on a history of pairing with other reinforcement
C) They are never dependent on learning
D) They are usually social in nature

A

C) They are never dependent on learning

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18
Q

Behavior is the result of

A

Antecedents - that set the stage for it
Consequences - the history of what has happened in the past that strengthened this action

We can change these two values

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19
Q

When doing a Functional Assessment you should start by analyzing the:
A) Antecedent
B) Behavior
C) Consequence
D) Distant Antecedents

A

B) Behavior

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20
Q

The Reification Fallacy is

A

An explanatory fiction.

When an abstract concept or idea is treated as a concrete thing.

Examples: My dog wants to be the leader of the pack. My dog is jealous when I talk on the phone. My dog is a Super Male.

Also known as Hypostatization

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21
Q

The problems with labels or constructs are that

A

They cannot be tested or observed.

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22
Q

Learning History is

A

The history of exposure to antecedents and consequences

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23
Q

Bridge

A

Another word for a Marker

An auditory, visual or haptic cue given immediately before the reward. Serving to bridge the gap between behavior and reward.

Common example: Clicker

Source: mentioned with no definition in Fight! By Jean Donaldson. Definition from Simon Pris

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24
Q

KGS

A

Keep Going Signal

A prompt or cue used to encourage a dog to continue performing a desired behavior, often used in behavior chains when transitioning between tasks

Different from a bridge/marker as there is no immediate reward, rather this is a prompt to continue an action.

Jean Donaldson

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25
Response Cost
A form of -P The process of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behavior Example - Your dog is on a continuous reward schedule for walking on a loose leash, when they pull you do not give the treat
26
A Contrived Reinforcer is
A reinforcer that has been arranged for the purpose of modifying behavior. Examples: Treats, toys, access to play Versus Natural Reinforcers which have not been arranged for the purpose of modifying behavior, spontaneous, unplanned. Example, chasing a bunny, an off leash dog coming to say hi.
27
CRF
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule Every occurrence of the behavior is reinforced.
28
PRF
Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule Behavior is reinforced only after certain responses
29
The four types of PRF are
Fixed Ratio (set number) Fixed Interval (set time) Variable Ratio (variable number) Variable Interval (variable time)
30
FR-5 is an example of a PFR that means
Reward given after 5 occurrences. Fixed Ratio, 5 behaviors gets a treat
31
A FI-5 PRF means
Reward given after 5 seconds. Fixed Interval, 5 seconds of continuous behavior gets a treat. Example: Sit-Stay for 5 seconds gets a treat, no treat if pup gets up at 2 seconds
32
A VR-5 PRF means
Reward schedule varies. After 4, then 5, then 3, then 5, then 6 **occurrences**. Variable Ratio with 5 being the average you are ping ponging around
33
A VI-5 PRF means
Reward schedule varies. After 4 seconds, then 5 seconds, then 3 seconds then 5 seconds then 6 swconds. Variable Interval with 5 being the average length of TIME you are ping ponging around
34
Stimulus Discrimination
Tendency for behavior to occur at different frequencies in different situations
35
Discriminative Stimulus
Any stimulus (Antecedent) that produces behavior in a varying rate. Example: Fido only jumps on Bob, not Jane because Jane turns away when Fido jumps but Bob always hugs Fido when he jumps. Fido has learned to discriminate between Bob and Jane.
36
Fido only jumps on Bob, not Jane because Jane turns away when Fido jumps but Bob always hugs Fido when he jumps. Fido has learned to discriminate between Bob and Jane. Bob is the: ___ Jane is the: ___
**Discriminative Stimulus** Bob: SD Jane: S^ **SD**: *Discriminative Stimulus*. Stimulus where behavior is reinforced **S∆**: *Stimulus Delta*. Stimulus where behavior is not reinforced
37
Simultaneous Discrimination Training
Present two stimuli at the same time to teach the difference between them. Example: Show a ball and a bone. Say "ball". If the dog touches the ball, reward. If not, no reward.
38
Successive Discrimination Training
Present one stimulus after the other. Example: After the dog knows the word "Ball" means touch the ball, start training the name for "Bone"
39
Frequency
The number of times a specific behavior occurs.
40
Respondent Conditioning
Another name for **Classical Conditioning** or Pavlovian Conditioning. Pairing a previously Neutral Stimulus with an Unconditioned Stimulus
41
If a dog barks excessively only when the doorbell rings, the doorbell serves as a: A) Punisher B) Discriminative Stimulus C) Reinforcer D) Motivating Operation
B) Discriminative Stimulus A discriminative stimulus signals that a specific behavior will be reinforced in its presence.
42
Fixed or Variable **Interval** refers to what?
Time
43
Fixed or Variable **Ratio** refers to what?
Number of repetitions
44
What is the least productive reinforcement schedule?
Fixed Interval is the least productive as it is more susceptible to extinction.
45
When training a dog with Classical Conditioning, which should happen? A) The Neutral Stimulus must be presented before the Unconditioned Stimulus B) The Unconditioned Response must occur before the Unconditioned Stimulus C) The Neutral Response must occur before the Unconditioned Response D) The Unconditioned Stimulus must be presented before the Neutral Stimulus
A) The Neutral Stimulus must be presented before the Unconditioned Stimulus NS + US = UCR Bell + Food = Drool
46
In Pavlov's Experiment the Unconditioned Stimulus was the: A) Bell B) Sight of Food C) Dog Drooling D) Pavlov's Verbal Cue
B) Sight of Food US is something that elicits a reflexive response
47
In Pavlov's Experiment the Drool is the
UCR - Unconditioned Response Reflexive response
48
In Pavlov's Experiment the Bell is the
NS - Neutral Stimulus Has no meaning initially
49
In Pavlov's Experiment the Food is the
US - Unconditioned Stimulus Already valuable with no conditioning
50
In Classical Conditioning learning takes place when: A) The US precedes the UR B) The NS becomes a CS C) The consequence follows the behavior D) The NS is presented
B) The NS becomes a CS
51
When conditioning the noise of a bell in CC - if you ring the bell once, wait half a second, and then give a treat that is: A) Forward Delay B) Forward Trace C) Backwards Trace D) Simultaneous Conditioning
A) Forward Delay This is most effective
52
Understanding a dog's history of reinforcement is: A) Useful for a consistent training program B) Dependent on the dog's breed characteristics C) Important to understanding the dog's behavior D) Counterproductive when explaining current behavior
C) Important to understanding the dog's behavior Source: Practice Test
53
Behavior analysts work primarily with A) specific, defined behaviors B) scientific interpretations of behavior C) clinical symptoms of canine problems D) genetic causes of undesirable behavior
A) specific, defined behaviors Source: Practice Test (answer not verified by CPDT)
54
In general, animals respond faster and perform longer for A) smaller or less palatable rewards B) smaller or more palatable rewards C) larger or less palatable rewards D) larger or more palatable rewards
D) larger or more palatable rewards Question Source: Practice Test
55
A dog jumps when greeting guests. If the owner wants the dog to sit to greet guests, the owner should first A) reinforce sitting B) have guests toss treats C) punish the dog for jumping D) remove reinforcement for jumping
A) reinforce sitting Practice Test
56
Training for generalization means: A) basic skills are being taught to the owner B) skills must be rehearsed in various situations C) a basic understanding of goal behavior is needed D) information must be explained so that the owner can understand it
B) skills must be rehearsed in various situations Practice Test Question
57
Which of the following is a form of non-associative learning: A) Habituation B) Operant Conditioning C) Classical Conditioning D) Respondent Conditioning
A) Habituation Practice Test
58
A behavior followed by pleasant experiences is: A) less likely to recur, while a behavior followed by unpleasant experiences is more likely to recur B) more likely to recur, while a behavior followed by unpleasant experiences is less likely to recur C) more likely to recur, while a behavior followed by unpleasant experiences is likely to remain unchanged D) more likely to remain unchanged, while a behavior followed by unpleasant experiences is less likely to recur
B) more likely to recur, while a behavior followed by unpleasant experiences is less likely to recur Practice Test
59
Which of the following is occurring when attention stops being given to a dog for a behavior and over time the behavior stops occurring: A) Flooding B) Extinction C) Positive Punishment D) Negative Reinforcement
B) Extinction Practice Test
60
What schedule is being used when sitting is reinforced the first time a dog sits 15 minutes after the last reinforced sit? A) Fixed Ratio B) Variable Ratio C) Fixed Interval D) Variable Duration
C) Fixed Interval Practice Test
61
What reinforcement schedule is being used when a dog is holding a down-stay, and the behavior is being reinforced after an average time of 15 seconds? A) Variable Ratio B) Variable Interval C) Variable Duration D) Variable Frequency
B) Variable Interval Practice Test
62
Of the following, the best example of a differential reinforcement of an incompatible behavior for jumping on guests is reinforcing the dog for A) Jumping up gently B) bringing a toy to the guest C) the absence of jumping up D) going to a mat on the other side of the room
D) going to a mat on the other side of the room Practice Test
63
What is a probe response?
Spontaneous recovery of a behavior that's previously gone through extinction. A random test to see if the extinct behavior may work.
64
A case design in which two or more *training* interventions alternate systematically.
Alternating Treatment Design
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The attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and/or consequences that change behavior.
Applied Behavioral Analysis
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Teaching a dog to retrieve by teaching them to give you something first, then teaching them to carry something, then teaching them to pick it up, and then teaching them to run to an object is an example of
Backchaining
67
Behavior Trapping is
Another word for Capturing
68
If the rate of reinforcement is increased too quickly, you may see a disruption or breakdown of the dog's behavior. The dog gives up, becomes frustrated or performs the behavior poorly. This is an example of
Ratio Strain
69
Single Case Experimental Design
Another term for ABAB testing Nothing -> Training -> Nothing -> Training -> Compare
70
Unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available
Principle of Parsimony
71
How environmental and social factors influence a dog's actions and emotional states.
Context Effects
72
Context Effects
How environmental and social factors influence a dog's actions and emotional states. Distant Antecedents. All the other factors that make an immediate antecedent/stimulus difficult. Analogy - A gunshot is the antecedent that starts the race. Context Effects are the weather, the runner's energy, how much they've practiced all that can impact their performance in the race.
73
The tendency for changes in behavior **outside** the training environment to be the opposite of the changes produced in the training environment.
Behavioral Contrast
74
Functional Analysis A) Evaluates the effectiveness of a behavior B) Helps determine what intervention to use C) Identifies the frequency of a behavior D) Determines the cause of a behavior
B) Helps determine what intervention to use
75
Topography
A **topographical** definition of behavior refers to the observable, measurable physical characteristics. Eg: dog has ears back, is leaning forward, tense muscles, stiff tail, hackles up, barking
76
Function as a behavior definition
A **functional** definition of behavior focuses on the consequences. What does the dog get from this behavior. Adjust consequences to test. Example: Barking for attention, barking for space, barking for food
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Hypothesis Generation
Functional Assessment
78
Functional Analysis
Testing the theory
79
Avoidance Learning
Dog learns to avoid an aversive stimulus.
80
Define deprivation to modify behavior
Withholding something to increase the desire for it later.
81
What is contrafreeloading?
When a dog works for a reward even when that same reward is freely available. Example: a dog choosing a puzzle feeder over a bowl of food sitting next to it.
82
Motivational Operations
An antecedent, activity or event that strengthens or weakens an outcome.
83
Abolishing Operations
Activity/Events that **reduce** the effectiveness of a reward and decrease response rate. Ex: Satiation
84
Alleomimetic Behavior
Follow the leader When one animal imitates the action of another.
85
Relative Frequency
Number of responses divided by number of opportunities. Ask dog to touch 10 times, dog touches 7 times = 0.7 Relative Frequency
86
A stimulus is not noticed because there was a more salient stimulus present
Overshadowing
87
A statement of a dependent relationship between events.
Contingency
88
A hungry dog works harder for food, a thirsty dog works harder for water, an isolated dog works harder for social interaction are examples of?
Deprivation Levels
89
If you normally use milk bones to train but one day use boiled chicken, your dog tries harder and performs better after getting the chicken. This is called:
Positive Behavioral Contrast Conversely, if you switch the value from high to low and the dogs performance suffers it is Negative Behavioral Contrast. Both are Contrast Effects
90
How the environment and circumstances in which a cue is taught can become associated with the behavior. This makes it important to generalize.
Context Effects
91
The process of teaching a dog to generalize and perform reliability in a wide variety of environments with distractions, not just in a quiet controlled setting.
Proofing
92
What is the difference between blocking and overshadowing?
**Blocking** happens when an already known association prevents learning a new cue (think trying to train behind me, but your dog knows in the middle so when you try to teach behind, they try to go in the middle which they know instead, which blocks the learning of behind) simply, an already known cue gets in the way of learning something new **Overshadowing** occurs when a more salient cue prevents the learning of a less cue stimulus (think trying to train a word when your dog knows a hand signal. The hand signal is so salient, it overshadows what you are saying when doing the cue switch and adding the verbal) simply, a known cue gets in the way when a different cue is more salient
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