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Flashcards in Areas of Practice 2 Deck (48)
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1
Q

When was the National Park Service created?

A

August 25, 1916 when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Organic Act of 1916.

2
Q

When was the first National Park created?

A

Yellowstone was the first national park designated in 1872.

3
Q

John Muir

A

Early advocate for the creation of a national park system. He wrote extensively for popular publications bringing national attention to sites that would ultimately become national parks including Glacier Bay and Mount Rainier. He also championed protecting the Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon.

4
Q

Theodore Roosevelt

A

Created five national parks and signed the Antiquities Act and used its provisions to create 18 national monuments, including the Grand Canyon. He created 51 federal bird sanctuaries, four national game refuges, and more than 100 million acres of national forests.

5
Q

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

A

During the depression he dramatically improved the national parks through the Civilian Conservation Corps. Under President Roosevelt there was an expansion of the park system, including the addition of civil war battlefields and the Lincoln Memorial into the care of the National Park system. He also helped to create Olympic and Kings Canyon National Parks and directed funds to purchase land to create the Smoky Mountains National Park (the first time federal funds were used to purchase park land).

6
Q

Regional Parks

A

May be managed by a special park district and serves multiple jurisdiction. Parks have level of service standards. For example standards include percentage of the population within ½ a mile of a neighborhood park or trail. In the State of Washington, a service level of A would have 75% or more of the population within ½ a mile of a neighborhood park or trail, 5 miles of a community park and 25 miles of a regional park.

7
Q

Community Parks

A

Serve an area from one to five miles and are typically 20 to 100 acres in size providing a mix of amenities to serve the community.

8
Q

Neighborhood Parks

A

Provide access to basic recreation opportunities for residents of the neighborhood. They are typically within walking and bicycling distance of most residents and are small in size, typically five or fewer acres.

9
Q

Scenic Resources

A

Landscape patterns and landscape features that are aesthetically pleasing and contribute to the distinctness of a community or region.

10
Q

Viewshed

A

The area that is visible through line of site from a location. Napa County California has a viewshed ordinance to protect the views from certain locations in the County.

11
Q

Wildlife Corridor

A

Linkage that joins two similar wildlife habitats. The Natural Resource Conservation Service provides guidance on conservation corridor planning.

12
Q

Conservation Easements

A

Legal agreements between a property owner and a land trust or other organization in which the property owner agrees to place restriction on the use of the property to protect natural resources. The Natural Resource Conservation Service has an agricultural conservation easement program, as an example.

13
Q

Transfer of Development Rights

A

Allows for the transfer of development rights from an area that is designated for low density development to an area planned for growth.

14
Q

Antiquities Act of 1906

A

Established that archeological sites on public lands are public resources and obligates federal agencies to manage the land to preserve sites for future generations. Additionally, the law authorizes the President to protect landmarks, structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest by designating them as National Monuments. For example, in 2016 President Obama designated the Mojave Trails National Monument, which contains 1.6 million acres of ancient lava flows and sand dunes.

15
Q

Organics Act of 1916

A

Established the National Park Service to manage national parks and national monuments.

16
Q

Historic Sites Act of 1935

A

Sought to organize federally owned parks, monuments and historic sites under the National Park Service. It also declared that it is national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national importance. The Act authorized the performance of preservation work.

17
Q

Wilderness Act of 1964

A

Created the National Wilderness Preservation System. The Act defined wilderness as “an area of undeveloped Federal land retailing its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions”. According to the National Park Service, as of 2016 there are more than 106 million acres of federal public lands designated as wilderness.

18
Q

National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968

A

Seeks to preserve certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of current and future generations. Rivers may be designated by Congress. As of 2014, the National System protected 12,709 miles on 208 rivers in 40 states and Puerto Rico.

19
Q

Food Policy Council (FPC)

A

A group of individuals that advises local and state government on matter related to food policy. Food policy councils perform a variety of interrelated related tasks such as facilitating community food assessments, raising awareness of food issues with the public and local governments, developing food policies, advising community planning processes, promoting CSAs, Farm to School and other programs, and organizing education events.

20
Q

Historic District

A

Group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated either at the local, state, and/or national level. This designation is provided when the buildings, properties or sites in the area have been determined to be historically or architecturally significant.

21
Q

National Register of Historic Places

A

Created in 1966, Department of the Interior’s National Park Service oversees the National Register of Historic Places.

Building, property or site must have historic significance. Being listed on the National Register allows properties to qualify for federal tax incentives. Being listed also provides protection, should the federal government plan to alter the site.

In order to create a district, there is an initial nomination process. This includes documentation of the cultural resources that deserve preservation. The district’s historic resources should be more than 50 years old.

22
Q

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

A

Requires that all states must have a State Historic Preservation Office.

When designated at a local level, historic districts can provide significant protection as local zoning regulations can be implemented.

23
Q

Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)

A

Congressionally authorized process DoD has used to reorganize its base structure to more efficiently and effectively support our forces, increase operational readiness and facilitate new ways of doing business.

24
Q

Net Zero

A

The Army’s vision is to appropriately manage our natural resources with a goal of net zero energy, water, ans waste at all installations.

Sustainability measured not just in terms of financial benefits, but benefits to maintaining mission capability, quality of life, relationships with local communities, and the preservation of options for the Army’s future.

The Army is leveraging available authorities for private sector investment, including using power purchase agreements (PPA), enhanced-use leases (EUL), energy savings performance contracts (ESPC), and utilities energy service contracts (UESCs) as tools to achieve these objectives.

25
Q

Airport Noise Compatibility Planning

A

The Airport Noise Compatibility Planning Toolkit implements the FAA Land Use Planning Initiative’s (LUPI) short-term recommendations to develop a land use planning information package for FAA regions. This toolkit is designed to aid regional offices in assisting state and local officials and interested organizations for airport noise compatibility planning around the nation’s airports.

26
Q

Aviation System Planning

A

Deals with preservation of aviation facilities, safe air transportation, airport capacity to meet demand, and mitigation of environment impacts.

Occurs at state level.

27
Q

Traditional hospital planning approaches

A

Historic trends were used to determine future space needs while capital capacity dictated the size of the built solution. Operational performance was not prioritized.

28
Q

Modern hospital master planning

A

Value-based rather than volume (of patients)-based. Considers:
primary community health needs
long-term financial and clinical goals for the organization
team-based, integrated care
program implementation and quality improvement

29
Q

Jail and Prison Planning

A

Attempts to forecast, quantify, and define:

a) future jail system bed capacity requirements;
b) related building space needs;
c) logical facilities development timeframes;
d) estimated capital facilities development cost;
e) jail staffing levels; and,
f) the annual estimated cost of operations.

30
Q

RELIGIOUS LAND USE AND INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS ACT

A

RLUIPA prohibits zoning and landmarking laws that substantially burden the religious exercise of churches or other religious assemblies or institutions absent the least restrictive means of furthering a compelling governmental interest. This prohibition applies in any situation where: (i) the state or local government entity imposing the substantial burden receives federal funding; (ii) the substantial burden affects, or removal of the substantial burden would affect, interstate commerce; or (iii) the substantial burden arises from the state or local government’s formal or informal procedures for making individualized assessments of a property’s uses. In addition, RLUIPA prohibits zoning and landmarking laws that:

(1) treat churches or other religious assemblies or institutions on less than equal terms with nonreligious institutions;
(2) discriminate against any assemblies or institutions on the basis of religion or religious denomination;
(3) totally exclude religious assemblies from a jurisdiction; or
(4) unreasonably limit religious assemblies, institutions, or structures within a jurisdiction.

31
Q

Religious Facilities Planning

A

Use a campus planning approach, with master plans for existing facilities and for their enhancement and growth in the future.

32
Q

Campus Planning

A

Long-range master plans guide the development of campuses.

Society for College and University Planning (SCUP) is a community of higher education leaders responsible for the integration of planning on their campuses and for the professionals who support them.

33
Q

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

A

National phone survey to collect state-level data on the prevalence of behavioral risks among adults. This survey asks for examples about smoking and physical activity, dietary diseases, etc.

34
Q

Health Disparities

A

Refers to the difference in the incidence of health conditions and diseases among specific population groups. For example, there could be a low birth weight health disparity in a certain neighborhood in a city.

35
Q

Health Impact Assessment

A

Uses quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the health consequences of a policy, project or program where health is not the primary objective. The City of Columbus, Ohio’s public health department provides a health impact assessment on each development proposal in the city. This allows the health department to provide critical input on how the development will/could impact health.

36
Q

Corridor Planning

A

Corridor planning most typically refers to roadways, but can also apply to waterways and greenways as well. Corridor planning can happen at the multi-national, multi-state, state, or local level.

37
Q

Corridor Transportation Planning

A

Typically occurs at the regional level. Allows the region’s governments and responsible agencies to coordinate in major transportation planning projects. Corridor planning identifies the long-range transportation needs along the corridor, evaluates alternatives, and implements strategies addressing these needs. Conducted by the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO).

38
Q

National Corridor Planning and Development Program

A

Grant program that is funded as part of MAP-21. Provides allocations to States and metropolitan planning organizations for coordinated planning, design, and construction of corridors of national significance, economic growth, and international or interregional trade.

Uses Highway Trust Fund (80% federal share for these projects)

39
Q

National Scenic Byways Program

A

1992, FHWA
Designates and funds enhancements of scenic highways across the U.S.

To receive Scenic Byway Designation, the roadway must have archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and/or scenic qualities. As part of the designation process, a Corridor Management Plan must be prepared.

40
Q

Greenways and Blueways Planning

A

Examples: creating a blueway plan for the length of a river in the region or providing connectivity between blueways and greenways to create regional recreational opportunities.

Greenway and blueways plans can achieve a number of goals including:

Protecting natural resources;
Providing alternative transportation options;
Connecting neighborhoods with recreational opportunities;
Promoting healthy communities;
Creating economic development opportunities.

Most effective at a regional level.

41
Q

Greenbelts

A

Undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation. Greenbelts provide a link for urban residents with nature.

The nonprofit Greenbelt Alliance has successfully lobbied for the establishment of 21 urban growth boundaries across four counties surrounding San Francisco.

42
Q

National Heritage Corridors

A

Places where natural, cultural and historic resources combine to form a cohesive, nationally important landscape.

43
Q

Tourism Corridor Planning

A

Refers to efforts to link social, cultural and economic drivers between communities for the purposes of supporting tourism.

44
Q

Neighborhood planning

A

Introduced in 1915 by Robert Park and E.W. Burgess.

45
Q

Institutional Planning

A

Hospitals, prisons, schools, military bases, churches

46
Q

Energy Policy Conservation Act

A

Responded to the 1973 oil crisis by creating a comprehensive approach to federal energy policy.

The primary goals of EPCA are to increase energy production and supply, reduce energy demand, provide energy efficiency, and give the executive branch additional powers to respond to disruptions in energy supply.[1] Most notably, EPCA established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, and Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations.

47
Q

Alternative Motor Fuels Act

A

1988

Gave manufacturers incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles.

48
Q

Energy Policy Act

A

2005
Provided tax incentives and loan guarantees for energy production of various types.

Exempted fluids used in the natural gas extraction process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) from protections under the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and CERCLA (“Superfund”).

Required the Department of Energy to:
study and report on existing natural energy resources including wind, solar, waves and tides;