Assignment 3

Question 1

Clostridium tetani releases an exotoxin that is preferentially absorbed by the alpha motor neurons and delivered into the central nervous system. What is the cause of injury to the neuron cell?

Answer 1

Infectious Agent

Question 2

Which of the following conditions is generally not thought to be caused by free radicals?

Answer 2

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 3

What is the correct term for protein malnutrition?

Answer 3

Kwashiorkor

Question 4

During acute reversible cell injury, the concentrations of which two elements are increased?

Answer 4

sodium and calcium

Question 5

Which of the following is a change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another?

Answer 5

Metaplasia

Question 6

Hypertrophy of what chamber of the heart is a typical complication of hypertension?

Answer 6

Left ventricle

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding necrosis of cells is true?

Answer 7

cell size increases

Question 8

The hallmark of chronic inflammation in a tissue is the accumulation of

Answer 8

lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

Question 9

What type of inflammatory exudate is bright red or bloody and signals the presence of red blood cells?

Answer 9

Sanguineous

Question 10

What is the first step in the migration of leukocytes from the vasculature to the interstitial tissues?

Answer 10

Binding of leukocytes to receptors on endothelial cells of venules

Question 11

Which of the following cells store and release histamine?

Answer 11

mast cells

Question 12

What is secreted by fibroblasts early during the tissue repair reaction?

Answer 12

Proteoglycans

Question 13

What type of collagen is the predominant component of growth plates in bones?

Answer 13

Type II

Question 14

What are the phases of healing?

Answer 14

Hemostasis and degeneration –> Inflammation –> Proliferation and migration –> Remodeling and maturation

Question 15

Which of the followings about cell injury is true?

Answer 15

Apoptosis is programmed cell death

Question 16

Which of the following is the LEAST appropriate for a physical therapist to do during a patient’s healing process?

Answer 16

Suppress inflammatory process as soon as possible

Question 17

What is the primary indication of prednisone?

Answer 17

anti-inflammatory drug

Question 18

The time for overall bone healing varies depending on

Answer 18

The bone involved and degree of soft tissue injury
Treatment required (e.g., immobilization versus surgical repair, the need for bone grafting or use of bone graft substitutes)
The fracture site and type

Question 19

Which of the following is true for tendon injury and healing

Answer 19

Hemostasis begins immediately, followed by the inflammatory process, which begins during the first 72 hours (3 to 5 days) after injury or surgical interventio

Question 20

A 45-year-old patient presents with redness, swelling, and pain in her right knee following an injury. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of prostaglandins in the affected area. Based on these findings, which of the following is the most likely effect of prostaglandins in the context of this patient’s acute inflammation?

Answer 20

Pain and fever, along with modulation of vascular permeability

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the role of diapedesis in the inflammatory response?

Answer 21

Diapedesis is the active migration of leukocytes out of the blood vessels and into the interstitial tissues, enabling them to reach the site of injury.

Question 22

Which of the following chemical mediators is primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability and causing vasodilation during an acute inflammatory response?

Answer 22

Histamine

Question 23

Which statement best describes the role of fibronectin in tissue healing?

Answer 23

It provides a scaffold, tensile strength, and helps to “glue” other substances and cells together.

Question 24

Which collagen type is first deposited during wound healing, contributes to the elasticity of skin and blood vessels, and is eventually replaced by type I collagen as healing progresses?

Answer 24

Type III

Question 25

What roles do myofibroblasts play during the remodeling and maturation phase of tissue healing

Answer 25

They contribute to tissue contraction by containing contractile proteins that help shrink the healing tissue.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about peripheral nerve injury and repair is TRUE?

Answer 26

Within 24 hours of nerve section, new axonal sprouts from the central stump are observed.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about lung tissue repair after injury is TRUE?

Answer 27

After lethal injury to alveolar cells, regeneration can occur only when the basement membrane remains intact.

Question 28

A 60-year-old patient presents with a fractured femur after a fall. X-rays show a soft callus formation around the fracture site. Based on the typical phases of bone healing, what is the most accurate description of the phase the patient is currently in?

Answer 28

The patient is in the reparative phase, as evidenced by the formation of a soft callus, which will eventually be replaced by a hard callus.

Question 29

A 23-year-old female athlete presents with a diagnosis of tendinopathy in the Achilles tendon. The condition is characterized by pain and pathologic changes in the tendon for more than one year. Which of the following statements accurately describes the type of tendinopathy and its underlying mechanism?

Answer 29

The condition is tendinosis, characterized by a degenerative process with little or no inflammation but histopathologic changes in the collagen matrix.

Question 30

A 55-year-old patient presents with chronic low back pain and MRI findings that reveal disc degeneration with significant dehydration and fissures in the annulus fibrosus. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the pathological changes occurring in the disc and their potential contribution to the patient's symptoms?

Answer 30

The loss of water-binding capacity and formation of fissures in the annulus fibrosus lead to reduced shock absorption and increased compressive forces, contributing to the patient’s chronic low back pain.