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202: Theme 2, Sensory inputs and motor outputs > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Map of ANS in body

A

Parasympathetic

  • Brainstem
  • S2-S4

Sympathetic
- T1-L2

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2
Q

Axons of ANS

A

Always synapse at ganglia [di-synaptic pathway]

- EXCEPT sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla

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3
Q

General parasympathetic neuronal pathway

A

Cranial nerve nuclei/ Grey matter spinal cord—-[myelinated preganglionic axon]—->

Cranial/ spinal nerve—-> Parasympathetic ganglion——[unmyelinated postganglionic axon]—>

Effector organ

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4
Q

General sympathetic neuronal pathway

A

Grey matter spinal cord—[myelinated preganglionic axon, spinal nerve]—–>

Sympathetic ganglion{synapse}—–[unmyelinated postganglionic axon]—–>

Effector organ.

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5
Q

Neurotransmission in ANS pathways

  • Ganglia
  • Postganglion, sympathetic neurones
  • Adrenal medulla
A

In ganglia

  • Ach is NT released
  • Bind on nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurones [fast]

Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones:

  • Noradrenaline released [XC in sweatglands, Ach used]
  • Binds to adrenergic receptors [slow]

Adrenal medulla:

  • Ach released
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of adrenaline/noradrenaline into the blood= activation of sympathetic effector organs
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6
Q

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptor
- Responds to Noradrenaline

Found on blood vessel smooth muscle

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7
Q

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors

A

Found in the heart

G-protein coupled receptor
- Responds to Noradrenaline

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8
Q

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors

A

Found on bronchial smooth muscle cells.

G-protein coupled receptor
- Responds to Noradrenaline

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9
Q

Prazosin

A

Anti-hypertensive —-> Alpha-adrenergic antagonist

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10
Q

Atenolol

A

Anti-hypertensive—-> Beta-adrenergic antagonist

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11
Q

Salbutamol

A

Short acting, beta-2 agonist

- Treatment for asthma

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12
Q

Neurotransmission

- Postganglionic parasympathetic neurones

A

Ach is released

- Binds to muscarinic receptors on effector organs [slow]

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13
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist

Treatment for:

  • Bradycardia
  • Dilate pupils
  • Reduction of glandular secretions
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14
Q

White rami communicans

A

Section of preganglionic fibre that enters the sympathetic trunk
- T1-L2

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15
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

Interconnected paravertebral ganglia from cervical to sacral levels.

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16
Q

Preganglionic fibres entering sympathetic trunk

A

Either:

  1. Synapse in paravertebral ganglion

or
2. Pass through paravertebral ganglio n without synapsing —> form splanchnic nerve and synapse at prevertebral ganglion

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17
Q

Route of post-ganglionic fibres from sympathetic trunk

A

To the periphery:
- Back into spinal nerves via grey rami communicans

To the viscera
- Via medial branches/ plexus

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18
Q

Route of post-ganglionic fibres from pre-vertebral ganglia

A

Postganglionic fibres from sympathetic trunk from plexus around viscera.

19
Q

Cervical sympathetic trunk

A

3 ganglia

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior

Satellite- Inferior + T1 ganglia

20
Q

Sympathetic supply to the upper limbs

A

Post-ganglionic fibres of the cervical ganglia

  • Exit via grey rami communicans
  • Enters spinal nerves
21
Q

Cervical Sympathetic supply to the heart

A

Post-ganglionic fibres of cervical sympathetic ganglion

  • Travels down common carotid artery to the heart
  • Contributes to cardiac plexus
22
Q

Cervical Sympathetic supply to the head

A

Postganglionic fibres of the superior cervical ganglion

  • Travels up the internal —-> Internal carotid plexus
  • To eye
  • To lacrimal gland
  • Travels up external carotid artery—-> External carotid plexus
  • To submandibular and parotid glands
23
Q

Pterygopalatine ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion
- Branch of facial nerve [petrosal nerve] synapses here

  • Postganglionic fibres contribute to internal carotid plexus [lacrimal gland and nose mucosa]
24
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Combination of symptoms caused by disruption to sympathetic supply to the head

Any pathway between the hypothalamus to preganglionic neurones is affected
- Descending autonomic pathways [e.g MS]

Symptoms:

  • Pupil constriction [miosis]
  • Drooping eyelid [ptosis]
  • Skin [anhydrosis]
25
Q

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

A

Preganglionic fibres from thoracic sympathetic nerves.

Three nerves:
Greater
Lesser
Least

Pierces the diaphragm and synapses in pre-vertebral ganglia:

  • Celiac
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Aorticorenal

Post ganglion fibres from pre-vertebral plexus around viscera.

26
Q

Celiac ganglion

A

Pre-vertebral ganglion where thoracic splanchnic nerve synapses

  • Supplies stomach + duodenum.
27
Q

Superior mesenteric ganglion

A

Pre-vertebral ganglion.
- Thoracic splanchnic nerves synapses here.

Supplies small intestines

28
Q

Aorticorenal ganglion

A

Pre-vertebral ganglion
- Location of synapse for thoracic splanchnic nerves

Supplies kidney innervation.

29
Q

Thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

12 in total.

Post-ganglionic fibres:
- Grey rami communicans —> spinal nerves

  • Medial branches —> heart and lungs [cardiac and pulmonary plexus]
30
Q

Lumbar sympathetic trunk

  • How many
  • Postganglionic exit
  • Preganglionic exit
A

4 ganglia

Postganglionic exit:
- Grey communicans to spinal nerves

Preganglionic exit:

  • Lumbar splanchnic nerves—> synapse in pre-vertebral ganglia in pelvis
  • Inferior mesenteric ganglion
31
Q

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

A

Pre-vertebral ganglion
- Lumbar splanchnic nerves [preganglionic fibres] synapse here

Supplies large intestine

32
Q

Sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia

  • How many?
  • Post-ganglionic exit
A

4 ganglia in total

Post-ganglionic exit:
- Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves [supplying lower lim]

  • Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvis organs.
33
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurones

A

Located in:

  • Brainstem [become cranial nerves]
  • Grey matter spinal cord [S2-4]—> pelvic splanchnic
34
Q

Location of preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

35
Q

CN 3 nucleus

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

36
Q

CN 7 nucleus

A

Superior-salivatory nucleus

37
Q

CN 9 nucleus

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

38
Q

Vagus nerve nucleus

A

Nucleus ambiguous

Dorsal motor nucleus

39
Q

Ciliary ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

  • Oculomotor nerve synapses here
  • Innervates sphincter pupillae [pupil constriction]
40
Q

Submandibular ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion
- CN VII synapses here
- Innervates submandibular gland
= watery saliva

41
Q

Otic ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve synapses here.
  • Innervate parotid gland= watery saliva
42
Q

Sacral parasympathetic innervation

  • Preganglionic exit
  • Innervation
A

Preganglionic fibres exits via pelvic splanchnic nerves

Innervates pelvic organs

  • Forms pelvic plexus
  • Preganglionic fibres synapse directly onto target organs
43
Q

Sacral parasympathetic function

  • Bladder
  • Rectum
  • Sexual function
A

Bladder= urination

  • Contracts bladder wall
  • Inhibits sphincter

Rectum= defecation
- Inhibits sphincter

Sexual function = vasodilation of erectile tissue

44
Q

Enteric nervous system plexi

A

Auerbach/ Myenteric plexus = smooth muscle contraction regulation

Meissner’s/ Submucosal plexus = regulation of glandular secretions

202: Theme 2, Sensory inputs and motor outputs (13 decks)

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