Basic Diagnostic Procedures

Question 1

Circumscribed,
flat discoloration
< 1 cm in size.

Answer 1

Macule

Question 2

Circumscribed, flat
discoloration
> 1 cm in size.

Answer 2

Patch

Question 3

Circumscribed,
elevated,
superficial lesion
< 1 cm in size.

Answer 3

Papule

Question 4

Circumscribed,
elevated,
superficial lesion
> 1 cm in size.

Answer 4

Plaque

Question 5

Solid lesion < 1 cm in size; may be above,

level with, or below the skin or mucosal surface.

Answer 5

Nodule

Question 6

Solid lesion > 1cm in size; may be above, level with, or below the skin or mucosal surface.

Answer 6

Tumor

Question 7

An encapsulated,
fluid filled mass in submucosal /
subcutaneous tissues, dermis, or bone.

Answer 7

Cyst

Question 8

Circumscribed, elevated lesion < 1 cm in size;

contains a serous fluid.

Answer 8

Vesicle

Question 9

Circumscribed,
elevated lesion
> 1cm in size;
contains a serous fluid.

Answer 9

Bulla

Question 10

An edematous,
transitory papule
or plaque.

Answer 10

Wheal

Question 11

A denudation of the
epithelium above the
basal cell layer of skin or mucosal tissue.

Answer 11

Erosion

Question 12

An excavation in skin or mucous membrane;

extends beyond the basal cell layer.

Answer 12

Ulcer

Question 13

A linear break in skin or mucous tissue with sharply defined, abrupt
walls.

Answer 13

Fissure

Question 14

Formation of connective

tissue that replaces normal tissue lost through injury or disease.

Answer 14

Scar

Question 15

Communication between an anatomical space (skin surface, oral cavity) and a pathological space (abscess, suppurative cavity, cyst)

Answer 15

Sinus

Question 16

Shedding, dead epithelial cells that may be either dry or scaly

Answer 16

Scale

Question 17

Variably colored masses of dry skin or mucous membrane exudate

Answer 17

Crust

Question 18

• Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
• Do not blanch
• < 2mm

Answer 18

Petechia

Question 19

• Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
• Do not blanch
• > 2mm to < 1cm

Answer 19

Purpura

Question 20

• Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
• Do not blanch
• > 1 cm

Answer 20

Ecchymosis

Question 21

Accumulated mass of clotted extravasated blood

Answer 21

Hematoma

Question 22

Dilated superficial blood vessels

Answer 22

Telangiectasia

Question 23

Red irregular vascular lesion of variable size and shape.

Answer 23

Hemangioma

Question 24

• Curved overgrowth (like a watch glass) of the nail bed with bulbous, enlarged finger tips.
• Usually associated with congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, COPD, and carcinoma of the lungs.

Answer 24

Clubbing of the nails

Question 25

- Keratin deposition beneath the nail bed which produces opacification and irregular separation of the distal portion of the nail. - Often a manifestation of psoriasis

Answer 25

Onycholysis

Question 26

- Opaque, thickened, friable, and brittle nail. | - Often the manifestation of infection by a number of organisms, including Candida albicans.

Answer 26

Onychomycosis

Question 27

- Cartilaginous or bony enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. - Often seen with rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 27

Bouchard’s nodes

Question 28

- Cartilaginous or bony enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. - Often seen with degenerative joint disease

Answer 28

Heberden’s nodes

Question 29

- Note the anatomical architecture of the body: Alterations in size, shape, and symmetry - Assess function: Gait, posture, and respiratory abnormalities

Answer 29

Inspection

Question 30

Note the character of skin (exposed areas) and oral soft tissues.

Answer 30

Inspection

Question 31

The process of examination by the sense of touch. Provides the examiner with additional data about the lesions observed and data about those lesions usually felt but not seen.

Answer 31

Palpation

Question 32

- Texture - smooth, matted - Consistency - firm, fluctuant - Temperature - Tenderness - nontender, tender (superficial, deep, rebound, referred) - Tone (muscle) - resistant, spasmodic, rigid - Pulsation

Answer 32

Palpation

Question 33

- Mobility (attachment) - fixed, movable - Size - Shape - Symmetry - Unilateral - Bilateral - Discreetness - Relation to anatomical landmarks

Answer 33

Palpation

Question 34

The technique of tapping an area of the body to elicit a response. Elicit a reaction from patient in response to tapping a tooth suspected of pathosis. Evaluate tenderness of the maxillary and frontal sinuses.

Answer 34

Percussion

Question 35

``` The technique of detecting sounds arising from various organs by listening. Note quality of voice: Slurring Aphasia Peculiarities of speech ```

Answer 35

Auscultation

Question 36

``` -Breath sounds: Inspiration, expiration Wheezing Rales, rhonchi -Heart sounds: Systolic, diastolic ```

Answer 36

Auscultation

Question 37

``` The technique of detecting odors arising from the patient that may suggest the presence of disease. Ex. Fetid, foul putrefactive breath: Oral disease Gastrointestinal disease Respiratory tract infection ```

Answer 37

Olfaction

Question 38

``` -Acetone (sweet, fruity) breath: Diabetic acidosis, hyperglycemia -Odor of ammonia: Renal failure (uremia) -A mousy, musty odor (fetor hepaticus): Liver failure ```

Answer 38

Olfaction

Question 39

Pulse rates

Answer 39

Adults: 60 to 90 per minute Children: 90 to 120 per minute Aged: 70 to 80 per minute

Question 40

The beat of the normal heart originating in the sinoatrial node.

Answer 40

Sinus rhythm

Question 41

Rate < 60 per minute and regular rhythm. | May accelerate with exercise.

Answer 41

Sinus bradycardia

Question 42

Rate < 60 per minute with sweating, weakness, dyspnea, and chest pain. May indicate an AV block or Impending sudden death.

Answer 42

Inappropriate bradycardia

Question 43

``` Rate > 100 and regular rhythm. Anxiety, hyperthyroidism Fever Anemia, severe hemorrhage Acute or chronic heart disease. ```

Answer 43

Sinus tachycardia

Question 44

Pronounced pause in an otherwise normal rhythm. May be an occasional, insignificant finding in adults. Significant in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Answer 44

Premature ventricular contractions

Question 45

Stress, dyslipidemia, hyperaldosteronism, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, hyperthyroidism

Answer 45

Hypertension

Question 46

Anemia, heart failure, hypoaldosteronism, syncope, shock, hypothyroidism

Answer 46

Hypotension

Question 47

Respiration rates

Answer 47

Adults: 16 to 20 per minute Children: 24 to 28 per minute

Question 48

Increased rate and decreased depth of respiration.

Answer 48

Tachypnea

Question 49

Increased rate and depth of respiration. | Typical of hyperventilation syndrome.

Answer 49

Hyperpnea

Question 50

Hyperpnea, 30 to 40 breaths per minutes. | Typical of profound diabetic acidosis and hyperglycemic coma.

Answer 50

Kussmaul-Kien respiration

Question 51

Hyperpnea alternating with periods of apnea. | Typical of profound toxicity associated with heart disease, chronic nephritis, and advanced brain tumor.

Answer 51

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Question 52

Frequent sighs are indicators of anxiety and precursors of hyperventilation.

Answer 52

Prolonged inspiration

Question 53

Associated with moderate-to-advanced pulmonary emphysema

Answer 53

Prolonged expiration

Question 54

``` Exercise Infection Ovulation Hyperthyroidism Factitious fever Malignant hyperthermia ```

Answer 54

Hyperthermia

Question 55

Anemia Alcoholism Chronic disease Hypothyroidism

Answer 55

Hypothermia

Question 56

Overeating Hypothyroidism Edema: CHF, Liver failure, Kidney failure Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 56

Weight gain

Question 57

``` Diet GI dysfunction HIV and AIDS Tuberculosis Secondary syphilis Malignancy Affective disorders ```

Answer 57

Weight loss