Naplex 2025 😭 > Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

Chapter 2 (62 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System made up of and how does it work?

A
  • CNS = Brain and Spine that send signals to the Peripheral Nervous System [PNS]
  • PNS = Somatic NS which is voluntary & Autonomic NS is involuntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Neurotransmitter?

A
  • Chemical Messengers that carry signals in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the Common Neurotransmitter in the body>

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is Ach mainly used at?

A
  • Within Somatic NS; released by Nicotinic Receptors in Skeletal Mucsle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two pathways of the Autonomic NS?

A
  • Parasympathetic NS
  • Sympathetic NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Parasympathetic NS and how does it wouk?

A
  • “Rest & Digest”
  • Releasing Ach that bind to muscarinc receptors in the body
  • Causes SLUDD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is SLUDD within the Parasympathethic NS?

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urinatoin
  • Defection
  • Digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Sympathetic NS and how does it work?

A
  • “Fight or Flight”
  • Releasing Epi and NE that binds to Beta-1, -2, Alpha-1 receptors
  • Causing Increased BP, HR, Bronchodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can Substrates be?

A
  • Endogenous [from self]
  • Exogenous [outside self]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between Agonist and Antagonist

A
  • Agoinst [activate]
  • Antagonist [inhibit]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What aer the Two types of interactions of Antagonists?

A
  • Competitive [binds at the site]
  • Noncompetitive [binds at a place other than the site]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the common receptors and there substrates

A
  • Muscarinic — Ach
  • Nicotine — Ach
  • Alpha-1[Preripheral] — Epi, NE
  • Alpha-2 [Brain] — Epi, NE
  • Beta-1 [Heart] — Epi, NE
  • Beta-2 [Lung] — Epi
  • Dopamine — Dop
  • Serotonin — Serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Enzymes

A
  • compounds that speed up a reaction

MAO are a good example of Enzymes [breaking down catecholamines in teh pathyway]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some of the common enzymes?

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Angiotension-Converting Enzyme
  • Catechol-O-Methylransferase
  • Cyclooxygenase
  • Monoamine Oxidase
  • Phophodiesterase
  • Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase
  • Xanthine Oxidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Acetylcholinesterase?

A
  • Break down Ach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme?

A
  • Blocks Ang I to Ang II
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase?

A
  • Breaks down Levodopa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Cyclooxygenase?

A
  • Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin and Tromboxane A2 [causes inflammation and platelet aggregation]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Monoamine Oxidase?

A
  • Breaks down Catecholamines [Epi, NE, Dopa…]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Phosphodiesterase?

A
  • Breaks down cGMP [smooth muscle relaxant]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase?

A
  • Makes Vitamin K into its active form [blood clotting]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Endogenous Effect of Xanthine Oxidase?

A
  • Breaks down hypoxanthine into xanthine then into uric acid [allopurinol stops this]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is this Structure

A
  • Hydroxyl or Alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is this Structure

A
  • Ketone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is this Structure
- Aldehyde
26
What is this Structure
- Amide
27
What is this Structure
- Nitrate
28
What is this Structure
- Nitro
29
What is this Structure
- Aromatic [Benzene Ring]
30
What is this Structure
- Urea
31
What is this Structure
- Carbonate
32
What is this Structure
- Carbamate
33
What is this Structure
- Ester
34
What is this Structure
- Thioether
35
What is this Structure
- Carboxyl
36
What is this Structure
- Phenol
37
What is this Structure
- Imide
38
What is this Structure
- Sulfonamide
39
What is this Structure
- Amine [Primary]
40
What is this Structure
- Amine [Tertiary]
41
What is this Structure
- Imine
42
What is this Structure
- Amidine
43
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amoxicillin - Beta-Lactam, Penicillin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
44
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ceftriaxone - Beta-Lactam, Cephalosporin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 6-sided Ring]
45
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ertapenem - Beta-Latacm, Carbapenem [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
46
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aztreonam - Monobactam [1 Lactam ring]
47
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Gentamicin - Aminoglycoside [has amine and sugar groups]
48
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Sulfamethoxazole - Sulfonamide ABX [has sulfoamide group]
48
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aspirin - Salicylate NSAID [Acidic and Carboxyl group]
49
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ibuprofen - NSAID [carboxyl group]
50
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amphetamine - Stimulant [has amine group]
51
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Levothyroxine - T4 [contain Iodine; 4 for T4 and 3 for T3]
52
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aminodarone - Class III antiarrhythmic [2 Iodines]
53
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Fenofibrate - Fibrate [for cholesterol - contains ketone group]
54
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amitriptyline - TCA [3 rings]
55
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Chlorpromazine - Antipsych [thioether group]
56
What is **Stability**?
- how the product remains during a time peroid of storage use
57
What are the **3 types** of degradatin?
- RedOx - Hydrolysis - Photolysis
58
What is **Oxidation/Reduction**
- **Red** [gain electrons] & **Ox** [loss electrions] - Most common Oxidation occurs with **hydroxyl** groups ## Footnote Some compounds change color when oxidized [Epi becomes yellowish/orange]
59
What are some way to **Prevent Oxidation or Reduction**?
- **Light Protections** [Amber vials], **Temperature Control, Antioxidants** [ascorbic acids], Chelating Agents [EDTA], pH Control [using a buffer]
59
What is **Hydrolysis**
- When water causes a cleavge of a bond - Most commonly with **Esters, Amides, Lactams**
60
What is **Photolysis**
- UV light exposure that causes degradation - Prevented with light protection - **Ascorbic Acid, Nitropruside, Phytonadione** are sensitive to light
Naplex 2025 😭
flashcards
Decks in class (72)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions