discovery of therapy
Discovered in 1950s, albert bandura, Arnold lazarus, bf skinner, individuals obtain psychopathology and maladaptive behavior as a result of what they have learned, we learn how to maintain that behavior in order to avoid undesirable consequences
what is the basis of this therapy
A set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research (organized and structure in order to reduce symptoms, any problem or issue can be solved in structured and organized manner)
Ex. Someone is experiencing stress eating, there is a way to address this by helping them manage stress better and challenging some of the thoughts they might have; moving away from insight oriented/relational focuses (wanted something more engaging, what can individual do right now to manage issues)
Based on principles of learning that are systematically applied -Treatment goals are specific and measurable
Focusing on the client’s current problems (second characteristic, below)
-To help people change maladaptive to adaptive behaviors
The therapy is largely educational - teaching clients skills of self-management
nine characteristics
1) First: (one of the characteristics, based on scientific method= see issue form hypothesis, try ways to navigate issue and then evaluate)
2) Second: focus on current problems
3) Third characteristic: clients play an active role in therapy, by engaging in specific actions to deal with problems
4) Four: emphasizes client skills of self-management
- Practice, help them regulate, client is practicing techniques before session
5) Five: focus on assessing overt and covert behavior changes
6) Six: emphasizes self-control, not focused on insight but what the individual can do
- Sense of efficacy
7) Seven: interventions are individually tailored
- Ex. Working with client with trauma, you might not access this initially, but focus on what is impacting them right now
8) Eight: collaborative approach
- Sometimes behavioral work is seen as cold distant or isolated, but it is a collaborative approach, often a warm approach
9) Nine: behavior therapy bases its work on the fact that everything should be practical, emphasis on practical application
- Interventions should be applied to all facets of daily life, decrease maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behaviors
- How can person transfer skills they learned in one situation to another situation
- Will require readjustment
explain systematic approach
Systematic approach, based on principles, teaching client, will not go into patterns of behaviors and relationships but they look at what is the issue where they might have learned this from and how does it impact them currently (how can they make changes now)
what is one critique of this therapy surrounding diversity
Manualized treatment is not always inclusive of diversity (critique)
different kinds of exposure therapies
in vivo, flooding, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR)
what is in vivo desensitization
(part of systematic desensitization)
-Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
what is flooding
- Flooding (exposed fully to stimulus, before you prep them for flooding you are helping them find relaxation techniques and ways to manage stress)
- Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them
- Designed to treat fears and emotional phobias, giving steps to combat anxieties
- Two kinds of flooding/ different approaches: some people will give relaxation techniques and other people will not (anxiety will decrease on its own)
- Can be real or imagined
- Create hierarchy (subjective units of distress SUDs), ask client what is the least anxiety provoking situation to the most anxiety provoking
- Help them meet each of these steps
what is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR)
(trying to reduce the eye movement or extensive tapping, trying to calm it down during stressful events, not feel the anxiety, engage in more positive behaviors)
-An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients
what are the several phases of desensitization treatment
1) assessment/evaluation/history taking (readiness to talk about trauma and expose selves to it), create treatment plan (talk about distressing memory and how it impacts), start to develop specific skills and behaviors they might need in order to navigate the traumatic event or situation
2) expanding on different ways of handling emotional distress, ways to reduce stress, ways to engage in imagery where they can feel relief between sessions, if you are practicing between sessions you are going to find it more accessible (if you do not practice deep breathing it will not come to you when you are anxious)
phases 3-6) target identified stressor, go back to where they are in that stressful moment/event are there ways they can insert different ways of handling it differently
-directed focus on the more exposure you have the more you are able to decrease anxiety and manage situation in a different way
7th phase: keep a log during week
-any material that might arise, focus on any calming activity
PURPOSE: used a lot with trauma to reduce response to trauma
what are the 4 aspects of behavior therapy
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning approach, cognitive behavior therapy
what is classical conditioning
- In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a passive organism
- Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response
what is operant conditioning
- Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce consequences
- If the environmental change brought about by the behavior is reinforcing, the chances are strengthened that the behavior will occur again. If the environmental changes produce no reinforcement, the chances are lessened that the behavior will recur
- Positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement
- Punishment is to weaken behavior (can be done by adding something or taking something away)
- Reinforcement is to strengthen behavior (can be done by adding something-positive; or taking something away-negative)
- Negative reinforcement: taking away burn by adding sunscreen, cars that have beeping when you do not have seatbelt on
what is social learning approach
Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individual’s behavior and the environment
- Albert bandura
- Bobo doll experiment
- What we believe about ourselves our abilities based off of what we see
- Representation is so important
- Seeing someone in position of power that looks like you, gives you more efficacy (this is something I can do)
Modeling: who are our role models and how do we integrate these individuals into our lives and identities
- How to help client build self efficacy
- Mentoring programs
what is cognitive behavior therapy
- Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as a client’s self-talk) as mediators of behavior change
- How one’s cognitions impact our behaviors and emotions
what is functional assessment of behavior in terms of cognitive behavioral work
ABC model
what is the ABC model
Antecedent(s) -Thing that starts behavior Behavior(s) -What happens as result of antecedent Consequence(s) -Result of the behavior
what is applied behavior analysis
Applied behavior analysis is what you learn from the behavior
- Different ways to help individual manage behavior
- Have to understand the function of the behavior, and the purpose it serves (every behavior has a functionality)
- First step is observing client in natural environment, then create behavioral intervention plan based on hypothesis of what is going on, teaching new ways of engaging, then have them try it
- IF a child lacks attention they might engage in behavior to get attention
- Ex. Punching someone else in school
- Finding purpose of behavior has psychodynamic undertones, but you are not expanding on it as much
what are the therapeutic techniques
Relaxation Training – to cope with stress
-Deep breathing, PMR
Systematic Desensitization – for anxiety and avoidance reactions
-Helping client slowly find way to experience stimulus causing them fear, learn you are able to do things you previously thought you could not
Modeling – observational learning
-Model appropriate behavior for clients
Assertion Training– learning to express one’s self
Social Skills Training– learning to correct deficits in interpersonal skills
-Asking clients a better way to handle that, giving them resources worksheets and practicing with them
Self-Management Programs “giving psychology away”
-Self-help, teaches you how to work with self, people can practice techniques and behaviors (but at the same time it minimizes what is done in behavioral work)
is behavior therapy too simple?
this is a critique, but it is not true
what are the different kinds of therapy
applied behavior analysis, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness based stress reduction therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, Lazarus multimodal therapy
what is applied behavioral analysis
training new behaviors
-Particularly effective in working with developmental concerns
what is dialectical behavior therapy
learning emotional regulation and mindfulness
- Designed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
- Marsha Linihan
- Four different areas of focus; mindfulness, distressed tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation (how to change and navigate emotions)
- Often used with clients with trauma or borderline personality
- Dialectical pieces, you need all four of these things to help client navigate issues
what is mindfulness based stress reduction therapy
meditation and yoga
-Accepting the present, where you are
