CMA > Body Systems and their structures > Flashcards

Body Systems and their structures Flashcards

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1
Q

skin

A
  • integumentary
  • responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production
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2
Q

hair follicles

A
  • integumentary
  • generate hair
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3
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A
  • integumentary
  • produce sebum to keep skin and hair soft, and prevent bacteria from growing on the skin
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4
Q

fingernails and toenails

A
  • integumentary
  • protect the ends of fingers and toes
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5
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A
  • integumentary
  • produce sweat to aid in cooling the body
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6
Q

epidermis layer

A
  • integumentary
  • outermost layer of the epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body
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7
Q

dermis layer

A
  • integumentary
  • thick layer beneath the dermis that contains arteries, veins, nerves
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8
Q

subcutaneous layer

A
  • integumentary
  • loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue and lipocytes
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9
Q

What are the three components of the skeletal system?

A

axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and ligaments

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10
Q

long bones

A
  • skeletal system
  • have epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow.
  • ends of long bones are covered by articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction
  • examples: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
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11
Q

short bones

A
  • skeletal system
  • found in the wrists and ankles
  • typically small and round
  • examples: carpals, tarsals
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12
Q

flat bones

A
  • skeletal system
  • majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved
  • examples: skull, ribs
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13
Q

irregular bones

A
  • skeletal system
  • unusual shape that is typically related to their function
  • examples: vertebrae, pelvis
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14
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • skeletal system
  • small, round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons
    example: patella
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15
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • the process of producing new blood cells
  • happens in the red bone marrow
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16
Q

what are the four components of the muscular system?

A
  • skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and tendons
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17
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • muscular system
  • responsible for body movement, and is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle
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18
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • muscular system
  • found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye
  • also called involuntary muscle
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19
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • muscular system
  • found only in the heart
  • cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood
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20
Q

tendon

A
  • muscular system
  • ends of skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone
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21
Q

what are the five components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph nodes, lymph nodules, thymus, spleen, and interstitial fluid
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22
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • lymphatic system
  • small, glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin, which produce and store lymphocytes, and are home to macrophages that filter lymph
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23
Q

lymph nodules

A
  • masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes
  • lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes
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24
Q

thymus

A
  • lymphatic system
  • located posterior to the sternum
  • thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence
  • responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells
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25
spleen
- lymphatic system - largest lymphoid organ - located in the upper-left abdominal quadrant - home to macrophages that filter the blood
26
interstitial fluid
- lymphatic system - tissue fluid found between cells - once collected and filtered, it's called lymph
27
what are the five components of the lymphatic system's body defenses?
- antibodies, immunoglobulins, B-cells, T-cells, and monocytes
28
antibody
- lymphatic body defense - proteins the body creates in response to specific antigens
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immunoglobulins
- lymphatic body defense - antibodies
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B-cells
- lymphatic body defense - type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells - these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens
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T-cells
- lymphatic body defense - type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly
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monocytes
- lymphatic body defense - engulfs and destroys pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
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what are the four types of immunity?
- naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, and artificially acquired passive immunity
34
naturally acquired active immunity
- lymphatic system kind of immunity - occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease - the antibodies have a memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen
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artificially acquired active immunity
- lymphatic system kind of immunity - the result of administering a vaccination - antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future
36
naturally acquired passive immunity
- lymphatic system kind of immunity - short-lasting immunity passed from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk
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artificially acquired passive immunity
- lymphatic system kind of immunity - short-lasting immunity created by giving an exposed person antibodies from a person who has previously had the disease
38
what are the seven components of the cardiovascular system?
- heart, artery/arteriole, vein/venule, capillary, endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium
39
heart
- cardiovascular system - located within the central part of the chest (mediastinum), and functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body
40
artery/arteriole
- cardiovascular system - thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart - propels blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body - smaller branches are arterioles
41
vein/venule
- cardiovascular system - vessels that carry blood toward the heart - they are thinner-walled than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow - smaller branches are venules
42
capillary
- cardiovascular system - the smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules - aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells
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endocardium
- cardiovascular system - innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves
44
myocardium
- cardiovascular system - thickest layer - muscular layer of the heart
45
pericardium
- cardiovascular system - outermost layer of the heart - a membrane that surrounds the heart and secretes pericardial fluid
46
what is the path that the blood takes to travel through the heart?
1. in through the superior and inferior vena cava 2. into the right atrium 3. through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle 4. through the pulmonary valve into the lungs 5. back in through the pulmonary arteries to the left atrium 6. through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle 7. through the aortic valve to the aorta 8. out through the inferior vena cava
47
what are the two types of circulation pathways?
- systemic and pulmonary
48
what are the steps of the cardiac cycle?
1. impulse in generated by the sinoatrial node, also called the pacemaker of the heart 2. from the SA node, the impulse travels to the atrioventricular node, also called the gatekeeper 3. from the AV node, the impulse travels to the bundle of His and through the bundle branches located in the ventricular septum 4. then, the impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers; these fibers cause the ventricles to contract and pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
49
what are the four parts of the urinary system?
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
50
kidneys
- urinary system - located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae - responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine
51
ureters
- urinary system - long tubes responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
52
urinary bladder
- urinary system - small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity that is responsible for storing urine
53
urethra
- urinary system - tube responsible for carrying urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body - longer in males due to pelvic shape and position of the prostate
54
what are the eleven components of the gastrointestinal system?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
55
mouth (oral cavity)
- gastrointestinal system - responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical and chemical
56
pharynx
- gastrointestinal system - throat or the passageway for food between the oral cavity and the esophagus (also part of the respiratory system)
57
esophagus
- gastrointestinal system - muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach - uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach
58
stomach
- gastrointestinal system - located below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity - receives food from esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices - propels food to small intestine - contains rugae (folds within the lining of the stomach that aid in digestion and moving food into the duodenum)
59
small intestine
- gastrointestinal system - takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity - primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients - divided into sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
60
large intestine
- gastrointestinal system - also called the colon - absorption is completed here - feces is formed from solid waste products - divided into sections: cecum (connects to ileum; where the appendix is located), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
61
rectum
- gastrointestinal system - the end of the colon that stores feces until defecation
62
anus
- gastrointestinal system - the end of the rectum, opens to the outside of the body to allow for elimination of feces
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liver
- gastrointestinal system - large organ located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen - produces bile needed to break down fats
64
gallbladder
- gastrointestinal system - located inferior to the liver - stores bile and connects to duodenum
65
pancreas
- gastrointestinal system - posterior to the stomach, connects to the duodenum - produces enzymes that aid with digestion
66
what are the five components of the respiratory system?
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
67
nose
- respiratory system - made of bones, cartilage, and skin - contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particles from entering
68
pharynx
- respiratory system - during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx - also part of the digestive system
69
larynx
- respiratory system - superior to the trachea - produces a person's voice
70
trachea
- respiratory system - also called the windpipe, extends from larynx and branches into bronchi - lined with cilia
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lungs
- respiratory system - two cone shaped organs located in the chest - contains bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels - the right lung is larger and divided into three lobes - the left lung has two lobes - both lungs are surrounded by a membrane called pleura
72
what are the two types of respiration?
- external and internal
73
what are the eight components of the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuron, dendrites, nucleus, cytoplasm, axon
74
brain
- nervous system - coordinated most body activities, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgement - divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
75
spinal cord
- nervous system - provides a pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and from the brain, and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column
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peripheral nerves
- nervous system - includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off of the spinal cord - carries nerve signals between the body and the brain
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neuron
- nervous system - functional unit of the nervous system
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dendrites
- nervous system - has multiple branching structures
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nucleus
- nervous system - directs cellular activities
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cytoplasm
- nervous system - produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron
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axon
- nervous system - stores neurotransmitters
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what are the two main sections of the nervous system?
- central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
83
what is included in the central nervous system?
- brain and spinal cord
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what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
- peripheral nerves found throughout the body - somatic and autonomic nervous systems - somatic: controls the body's voluntary (skeletal) muscles, afferent nerve cells (neurons) carry information about the body's environment to the CNS, efferent neurons carry responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action - autonomic: controls the body's automatic functions like breathing and digestion, sympathetic branch
85
what are the two separate branches of the peripheral nervous system?
- somatic and autonomic
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somatic nervous system
- controls the body's voluntary (skeletal) muscles - afferent nerve cells (neurons) carry information about the body's environment to the CNS - efferent neurons carry responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action
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autonomic nervous system
- controls the body's automatic functions like breathing and digestion - sympathetic branch controls the "fight or flight" response to stress - parasympathetic branch returns the body to resting state after stress has been resolved and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis
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what are the two branches that are activated during a stress response?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sympathetic branch
- controls the "fight or flight" response to stress
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parasympathetic branch
- returns the body to resting state after stress has been resolved - responsible for maintaining homeostasis
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what are the two types of glands in the endocrine system?
- endocrine and exocrine
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where do exocrine glands release hormones?
- a duct for delivery to the target cells
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where do endocrine glands release hormones?
- directly into the bloodstream
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what hormones does the adrenal gland produce and what are their functions?
- aldosterone: regulates electrolytes and fluid volume - cortisol: regulates carbohydrates - epinephrine: fight-or-flight response - norepinephrine: vasoconstrictor
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what hormones does the hypothalamus produce and what are their functions?
- antidiuretic: stimulates reabsorption of water in kidneys - oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
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what hormones do ovaries produce and what are their functions?
- estrogen: development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses - progesterone: prepares the body for pregnancy
97
what hormones does the pancreas produce and what are their functions?
- glucagon: increases blood sugar - insulin: decreases blood sugar
98
what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce and what is its function?
- parathyroid hormone: regulates calcium
99
what hormone does the pineal gland produce and what is its function?
- melatonin: regulates onset of puberty, biological clock
100
what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and what are their functions?
- growth hormone: stimulates body growth - melanocyte-stimulating hormone: stimulates skin pigment - adrenocorticotropic hormone: regulates adrenal cortex - thyroid-stimulating hormone: regulates thyroid gland - follicle-stimulating hormone: stimulates growth of ova and sperm - luteinizing hormone and prolactin: stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
101
what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce and what are their functions?
- antidiuretic hormone: stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys - oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
102
what hormone does the testes produce and what is its function?
- testosterone: sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in males
103
what hormone does the thymus produce and what is its function?
- thymosin: development of cells in the immune system
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what hormones does the thyroid gland produce and what are their functions?
- T3 and T4: cellular metabolism - calcitonin: increases bone calcium
105
testes
- male reproductive system - produces sperm and testosterone - located below the pelvic cavity on the outside of the body, within the scrotum
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scrotum
- male reproductive system - a pouch of skin that houses the testes
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penis
- male reproductive system - external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body
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epididymis
- male reproductive system - coiled tube located superior to each teste - responsible for maturation of sperm cells
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vas deferens
- male reproductive system - connects the epididymis to the urethra
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seminal vesicles
- male reproductive system - sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid - fluid stimulates muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward
111
prostate gland
- male reproductive system - surrounds the proximal urethra - contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm - secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina
112
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
- male reproductive system - inferior to the prostate gland - secretes fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse
113
androgens
- male reproductive system - group of male sex hormones
114
testosterone
- male reproductive system - most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones
115
ovaries
- female reproductive system - pair of oval-shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity - produces ova, estrogen, and progesterone
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fallopian tubes
- female reproductive system - muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary - connects distally to uterus - receives egg during ovulation
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uterus
- female reproductive system - hollow muscular organ - lies low in pelvic cavity - receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development - non-pregnant female: uterine lining sloughs off monthly, causing menstruation - the lower portion of the uterus is the cervix, which creates a barrier between the uterus and vagina and dilates during childbirth
118
vagina
- female reproductive system - muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body - expands during intercourse and childbirth
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labia majora
- female reproductive system - folds of skin and adipose tissues that protect other external female genitalia
120
labia minora
- female reproductive system - folds of skin within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation - forms a hood over the clitoris
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clitoris
- female reproductive system - highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra
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perineum
- female reproductive system - area between the vagina and anus
123
estrogen
- female reproductive system - group of female sex hormones
124
progesterone
- female reproductive system - hormone secreted by ovaries
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estradiol
- female reproductive system - most abundant and biologically active female hormone
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